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治理术语表

International Organization Governance Glossary

国际组织治理术语 137 条，按组织宪制、机关、决策、程序、文书、谈判、履约、财务八类排列。每条三层：Meaning 定义（英文参照各组织正式文件，配中文）、Plain English 一句大白话、In practice 真实文件中的用法；并标出世界贸易组织、联合国与国际合作社联盟各自的叫法，链接到对应的机制与文书。

例句 159 条，其中逐字引文 51 条附条款或文号；标注「通用格式」的为该类文书常见句式。

组织宪制 15

Constitution & Membership

创始文件、授权、成员资格、观察员与咨商地位、特权豁免。

机关与职位 18

Organs & Offices

全体会议、理事会、委员会、主席团、秘书处与代表团。

决策与表决 20

Decision-making

协商一致、多数规则、加权投票、否决、通过与约束力。

议事程序 17

Rules of Procedure

议程、届会、程序问题、动议、修正案、提案国、记录。

文书与文号 12

Documents

文号、序言段与执行段、照会、非文件、主席案文、括号案文。

谈判与外交话语 14

Negotiation & Diplomacy

立场、保留、一揽子承诺、绿屋、协调人、建设性模糊。

履约与监督 13

Compliance & Oversight

通报、透明度、审议、争端解决、专家组、豁免。

财务与选举 11

Finance & Elections

分摊会费、比额表、预算外资金、任期、选举、地域分配、审计。

区域性商协会 17

Regional Business Associations

会员服务、授权代表、会费档次、秘书长负责制、专业与专家委员会、分支机构与联络点、行业建议、决议落实。

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组织宪制

Constitution & Membership · 15

Charter / Constituent Instrument 宪章 / 创始文件

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The founding treaty of an international organization that establishes its purposes, principles, organs, membership rules, and decision-making procedures.
国际组织的创始条约，规定宗旨、原则、机关、成员规则与决策程序。
Plain English · 大白话
The rulebook everything else has to fit inside.
In practice · 文件用法

“In the event of a conflict between the obligations of the Members of the United Nations under the present Charter and their obligations under any other international agreement, their obligations under the present Charter shall prevail.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第一百零三条

Note · 用法提示
联合国用 Charter；世界贸易组织的创始文件是 Agreement（《马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定》）；国际合作社联盟是非政府组织，用 Bylaws（章程）。翻译各组织文件时按其自称，不统一译作「宪章」。
By organization · 各组织的叫法
UNCharter of the United Nations1945 年旧金山签署，联合国的创始条约
WTOMarrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO1994 年签署，附件含多边贸易协定
ICABylaws按比利时法律登记的国际非营利协会章程，由大会修订
机制 · 成员资格→ Mandate→ Legal Personality→ Member / Member State

Mandate 授权 / 职责范围

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The authority and scope of action conferred on an organization, organ, or official by its constituent instrument or by a decision of a competent organ.
创始文件或有权机关的决定赋予某机构、机关或官员的权限与行动范围。
Plain English · 大白话
What a body is allowed, and expected, to do.
In practice · 文件用法

“Requests the Secretary-General, within existing resources and in accordance with his mandate, to continue to provide support to …”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议执行段常见句式（A/RES/ 系列）

“The Committee shall, within its mandate, review the implementation and operation of the Agreement.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织委员会职权表述常见句式

Note · 用法提示
「超出授权」(beyond its mandate) 是国际组织中最常见的程序性反对理由；秘书处只能在成员授权范围内行动，决议执行段常以 within its mandate 限定。
机制 · 秘书处机制 · 委员会体系→ Terms of Reference (ToR)→ Charter / Constituent Instrument

Terms of Reference (ToR) 职权范围

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
A document that defines the purpose, scope, membership, working methods, and reporting line of a body, working group, panel, or assignment.
规定某机关、工作组、专家组或任务的目的、范围、组成、工作方法与报告对象的文件。
Plain English · 大白话
The job description of a committee or a task.
In practice · 文件用法

“To examine, in the light of the relevant provisions in (name of the covered agreement(s) cited by the parties to the dispute), the matter referred to the DSB by (name of party) in document … and to make such findings as will assist the DSB in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in that/those agreement(s).”

原文核对WTO《争端解决谅解》第七条第一款（专家组标准职权范围）

Note · 用法提示
工作组成立时先通过职权范围；谈判中「先谈职权范围」往往是争夺主导权。世界贸易组织争端专家组的标准职权范围写在《争端解决谅解》第七条。
机制 · 委员会体系机制 · 争端解决→ Mandate→ Working Group / Working Party→ Panel

Member / Member State 成员 / 会员国

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
A State or other eligible entity that has been admitted to an organization and holds the rights and obligations of membership.
已被接纳加入某组织、享有成员权利并承担成员义务的国家或其他合格实体。
Plain English · 大白话
Who gets a seat, a vote, and a bill.
In practice · 文件用法

“Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第四条第一款

“Any State or separate customs territory possessing full autonomy in the conduct of its external commercial relations and of the other matters provided for in this Agreement and in the Multilateral Trade Agreements may accede to this Agreement, on terms to be agreed between it and the WTO.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第十二条第一款

Note · 用法提示
联合国说 Member States，只有主权国家；世界贸易组织说 Members，因为含单独关税区（欧盟、中国香港、中国台北），所以不说 State；国际合作社联盟的成员是合作社组织，说 member organisations。主语用错，读者立刻看出对制度不熟。
By organization · 各组织的叫法
UNMember State主权国家；观察员国不是成员
WTOMember国家或单独关税区，不用 State
ICAmember organisation各国顶峰组织、行业联合会与合作社企业
机制 · 成员资格→ Accession→ Observer→ Apex Organisation

Accession 加入

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The process by which a State or entity becomes a party to a treaty or a member of an organization after its establishment, on terms agreed with the existing members.
组织成立之后，国家或实体按与现有成员商定的条件成为条约缔约方或组织成员的过程。
Plain English · 大白话
Joining after the founding members did.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Working Party on the Accession of … was established by the General Council on …; its terms of reference are those of the standard working party.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织加入工作组设立决定常见句式（WT/ACC/ 系列）

“Decides to admit … to membership in the United Nations.”

通用格式UN联合国大会接纳新会员国决议执行段句式

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织的加入是一次完整谈判：工作组、贸易制度备忘录、双边市场准入、加入议定书；联合国的加入是安理会推荐加大会表决。加入 (accession) 与批准 (ratification) 是两个动作。
机制 · 成员资格机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Member / Member State→ Working Group / Working Party

Observer 观察员

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
A State, organization, or entity permitted to attend meetings and, in some cases, to speak, without the right to vote.
获准出席会议、在某些情况下可以发言、但没有表决权的国家、组织或实体。
Plain English · 大白话
In the room, not at the vote.
In practice · 文件用法

“Observers may be invited by the Chairperson to speak at meetings of the Committee, but shall not participate in decision-making.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织观察员地位指南常见表述

“Invites the observer State to participate in the sessions and work of the General Assembly …”

通用格式UN联合国大会关于观察员地位的决议常见句式

Note · 用法提示
联合国观察员国可发言不能表决；世界贸易组织观察员政府须在获得地位后五年内启动加入谈判；非政府组织在联合国经社理事会的关系叫「咨商地位」，与观察员不同。
机制 · 参与条件：会议形式、语言与数字系统机制 · 咨商地位与非政府组织参与→ Consultative Status→ Member / Member State

Consultative Status 咨商地位

UNICA
Meaning · 定义
A formal relationship granted by an intergovernmental body, notably the UN Economic and Social Council, allowing a non-governmental organization to submit statements, attend meetings, and be consulted.
政府间机构（尤其是联合国经济及社会理事会）授予非政府组织的正式关系，使其可以提交声明、出席会议并被咨询。
Plain English · 大白话
An NGO's official channel into the UN.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Economic and Social Council may make suitable arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organizations which are concerned with matters within its competence.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第七十一条

Note · 用法提示
分 general / special / roster 三档；国际合作社联盟持有经社理事会全面咨商地位，可提出议题、提交书面声明并作口头陈述。
By organization · 各组织的叫法
UNconsultative status with ECOSOC经社理事会第 1996/31 号决议规定三档
ICAgeneral consultative status国际合作社联盟在经社理事会的地位
机制 · 咨商地位与非政府组织参与→ Observer→ Apex Organisation

Sovereign Equality 主权平等

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
The principle that all States have equal legal standing in the organization regardless of size, population, or power.
所有国家在组织中法律地位平等，不因面积、人口或实力而异的原则。
Plain English · 大白话
One State, one voice, on paper.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第二条第一款

Note · 用法提示
主权平等解释了「一国一票」；国际货币基金组织的加权投票与安理会常任理事国的否决权是明文写入的例外。
机制 · 表决→ Weighted Voting→ Veto→ Democratic Member Control

Privileges and Immunities 特权与豁免

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
Legal protections granted to an organization, its officials, and the representatives of members so that they can perform their functions independently of national jurisdiction.
为使组织、其官员与成员代表能不受所在国管辖、独立履行职能而给予的法律保护。
Plain English · 大白话
Protection so the organization can work without being sued or taxed by its hosts.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the fulfilment of its purposes.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第一百零五条第一款

“The WTO shall be accorded by each of its Members such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the exercise of its functions.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第八条第二款

Note · 用法提示
依据是 1946 年《联合国特权和豁免公约》与各总部协定；非政府组织（如国际合作社联盟）不享有此类豁免。
机制 · 秘书处→ Headquarters Agreement→ Legal Personality

Headquarters Agreement 总部协定

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
A treaty between an organization and its host State governing the status of the seat, the premises, the staff, and the entry of delegates.
组织与东道国之间关于总部地位、房地、职员与代表入境的条约。
Plain English · 大白话
The deal with the host country.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Host Government shall take all necessary measures to facilitate the entry into, sojourn in and departure from its territory of representatives of Members.”

通用格式UN总部协定常见条款

Note · 用法提示
签证与入境争议常引用总部协定；国际合作社联盟总部在布鲁塞尔，按比利时法律登记为国际非营利协会，与东道国的关系依比利时国内法处理。
机制 · 秘书处→ Privileges and Immunities

Legal Personality 法律人格

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
The capacity of an organization to hold rights and duties under law, including to conclude agreements, own property, and appear before courts.
组织在法律上享有权利、承担义务的资格，包括缔结协定、拥有财产和出庭。
Plain English · 大白话
The organization counts as a legal person in its own right.
In practice · 文件用法

“The WTO shall have legal personality, and shall be accorded by each of its Members such legal capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of its functions.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第八条第一款

Note · 用法提示
《建立世界贸易组织协定》第八条明文赋予；联合国的法律人格由国际法院 1949 年「赔偿案」咨询意见确认。
→ Privileges and Immunities→ Charter / Constituent Instrument

Withdrawal 退出

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
The act by which a member ends its membership in accordance with the constituent instrument, usually after a period of notice.
成员依创始文件规定、通常经过通知期后终止成员资格的行为。
Plain English · 大白话
Leaving by the rules, with notice.
In practice · 文件用法

“Any Member may withdraw from this Agreement. Such withdrawal shall apply both to this Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements and shall take effect upon the expiration of six months from the date on which written notice of withdrawal is received by the Director-General of the WTO.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第十五条第一款

Note · 用法提示
《建立世界贸易组织协定》第十五条：书面通知总干事六个月后生效；《联合国宪章》没有退出条款，1965 年印度尼西亚退出后次年恢复被视为「暂停参与」。
机制 · 成员资格→ Suspension of Rights→ Member / Member State

Suspension of Rights 中止权利

UN
Meaning · 定义
The temporary loss of some or all membership rights, such as the right to vote, as a consequence of arrears or breach of obligations.
因拖欠会费或违反义务而暂时失去部分或全部成员权利（如表决权）。
Plain English · 大白话
Still a member, but without a vote for now.
In practice · 文件用法

“A Member of the United Nations which is in arrears in the payment of its financial contributions to the Organization shall have no vote in the General Assembly if the amount of its arrears equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions due from it for the preceding two full years.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第十九条

Note · 用法提示
《联合国宪章》第十九条：欠费达两年即失去大会表决权，大会可认定情况非会员国所能控制而准其投票。世界贸易组织争端解决中的「中止减让」(suspension of concessions) 是授权报复，含义不同。
机制 · 经费机制 · 表决→ Arrears→ Withdrawal

Apex Organisation 顶峰组织

ICA
Meaning · 定义
A national or sectoral federation that represents member cooperatives collectively and holds membership in international bodies on their behalf.
代表所属合作社集体、并以其名义在国际机构中持有成员资格的全国性或行业性联合会。
Plain English · 大白话
The national umbrella that joins on behalf of everyone under it.
In practice · 文件用法

“Members of the Alliance are national apex organisations, sectoral federations and cooperative enterprises that comply with the Statement on the Cooperative Identity.”

通用格式ICA国际合作社联盟成员资格说明常见表述

Note · 用法提示
国际合作社联盟的成员多为各国顶峰组织；部分国家的顶峰组织同时承担政府职能，对内审批、对外以平等成员身份参与。
机制 · 成员资格→ Member / Member State→ Statement on the Cooperative Identity→ Regional Organisation / Office

Statement on the Cooperative Identity 合作社身份声明

ICA
Meaning · 定义
The ICA text adopted in 1995 that defines a cooperative and sets out the cooperative values and seven principles, serving as the standard for membership.
国际合作社联盟 1995 年通过的文件，界定合作社、列出合作社价值与七项原则，作为成员资格的标准。
Plain English · 大白话
The test for being a real cooperative.
In practice · 文件用法

“A co-operative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise.”

原文核对ICA国际合作社联盟《合作社身份声明》（1995）

Note · 用法提示
被国际劳工组织第 193 号建议书引用，成为各国合作社立法的参照。
机制 · 成员资格→ Apex Organisation→ Democratic Member Control

机关与职位

Organs & Offices · 18

Plenary 全体会议

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
A meeting of all members of a body, as distinct from a committee or a smaller group, in which formal decisions are taken.
某机关全体成员参加的会议，与委员会或小范围会议相对，正式决定在此作出。
Plain English · 大白话
Everyone in the room; decisions taken here.
In practice · 文件用法

“The draft resolution was adopted by the General Assembly at its 45th plenary meeting, on 19 December 2023.”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议脚注与会议记录常见表述

Note · 用法提示
联合国大会的 plenary meetings 与六个主要委员会并列，委员会通过的草案仍须全会通过；世界贸易组织的代表团团长会议 (HoDs) 是非正式全体。
机制 · 委员会体系→ Committee→ Session→ General Assembly / Ministerial Conference

General Assembly / Ministerial Conference 大会 / 部长级会议

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The principal plenary organ in which all members are represented on an equal footing and which holds the highest decision-making authority.
全体成员平等参加、拥有最高决策权的主要全体机关。
Plain English · 大白话
The all-members parliament of the organization.
In practice · 文件用法

“Each member of the General Assembly shall have one vote.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第十八条第一款

“There shall be a Ministerial Conference composed of representatives of all the Members, which shall meet at least once every two years.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第四条第一款

Note · 用法提示
联合国是 General Assembly（每年一届）；世界贸易组织的最高机关是 Ministerial Conference（至少两年一次），闭会期间由 General Council 代行；国际合作社联盟是 General Assembly（每两年，通常在世界合作社大会期间召开）。
By organization · 各组织的叫法
UNGeneral Assembly193 个会员国，每年 9 月开幕
WTOMinisterial Conference / General Council部长级会议两年一次；总理事会由全体成员常驻代表组成
ICAGeneral Assembly每两年一次，表决权按成员分档
机制 · 表决机制 · 议程设定→ Plenary→ Council→ Session

Council 理事会

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
A standing organ, of limited or full membership, that acts between sessions of the plenary or exercises executive and supervisory functions.
在全体会议闭会期间行事、或行使执行与监督职能的常设机关，成员可以是全体或限员。
Plain English · 大白话
The body that runs things between the big meetings.
In practice · 文件用法

“In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第二十四条第一款

“The General Council shall convene as appropriate to discharge the responsibilities of the Dispute Settlement Body provided for in the Dispute Settlement Understanding.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第四条第三款

Note · 用法提示
联合国安全理事会与经济及社会理事会是限员机关；世界贸易组织总理事会由全体成员组成，并以争端解决机构与贸易政策审议机构两个身份开会；国际合作社联盟的 Board 通常译「理事会」，由大会选举产生。
机制 · 委员会体系→ General Assembly / Ministerial Conference→ Executive Board / Board

Executive Board / Board 执行局 / 理事会

UNICA
Meaning · 定义
A smaller elected body that oversees the secretariat, approves programmes and budgets within the plenary's guidance, and reports to the plenary.
由选举产生、规模较小的机关，在全体会议指导下监督秘书处、批准方案与预算，并向全体会议报告。
Plain English · 大白话
The elected few who supervise the staff.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Board shall be responsible for the governance of the Alliance between meetings of the General Assembly and shall report to it.”

通用格式ICA国际合作社联盟章程类文件常见表述

Note · 用法提示
联合国基金与方案（开发计划署、儿童基金会）用 Executive Board；国际合作社联盟的 Board 由主席、副主席、区域与行业代表及当选理事组成，任期四年。
机制 · 选举、增补与人事任命→ Council→ Bureau→ Term of Office

Committee 委员会

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
A subsidiary body established by an organ to examine a subject area, prepare decisions, or oversee the implementation of an agreement, reporting to its parent body.
由某机关设立、负责审议某一领域、准备决定或监督协定实施、并向上级机关报告的附属机构。
Plain English · 大白话
Where the detailed work is done before the plenary decides.
In practice · 文件用法

“A Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures is hereby established to provide a regular forum for consultations.”

原文核对WTO《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定》第十二条第一款

“The Committee recommends to the General Assembly the adoption of the following draft resolution: …”

通用格式UN联合国大会主要委员会报告固定句式

Note · 用法提示
联合国大会六个主要委员会按议题分工（第一委员会裁军、第二经济、第三社会、第四政治、第五行政预算、第六法律）；世界贸易组织各委员会依所涉协定设立，向相应理事会报告。
机制 · 委员会体系→ Subsidiary Body / Subsidiary Organ→ Working Group / Working Party→ Report

Subsidiary Body / Subsidiary Organ 附属机关

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
A body created by a principal organ to assist it, deriving its authority from and reporting to that organ.
由主要机关为协助自身而设立、权力来源于并向该机关报告的机构。
Plain English · 大白话
Created by a parent body and answerable to it.
In practice · 文件用法

“The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第二十二条

Note · 用法提示
《联合国宪章》第二十二条（大会）与第二十九条（安理会）是设立依据；附属机关可以被撤销或改组，主要机关不能。
机制 · 委员会体系→ Committee→ Working Group / Working Party

Working Group / Working Party 工作组

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
A temporary or standing group, often open to all members, tasked with examining an issue or negotiating a text and reporting back to its parent body.
临时或常设、通常对全体成员开放的小组，负责审议某一问题或谈判案文并向上级机关报告。
Plain English · 大白话
A smaller team sent off to do the drafting.
In practice · 文件用法

“Decides to establish an open-ended working group to consider … and to report to the General Assembly at its eightieth session.”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议设立工作组的常见句式

“The Working Party adopted its report and the draft Protocol of Accession ad referendum.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织加入工作组报告结尾常见表述

Note · 用法提示
联合国常用「不限成员名额工作组」(open-ended working group)；世界贸易组织的 Working Party 专指加入审议工作组，Working Group 用于议题研究。
机制 · 委员会体系机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Terms of Reference (ToR)→ Committee→ Accession

Bureau 主席团

UN
Meaning · 定义
The officers of a body, typically the chair, vice-chairs, and rapporteur, who organize its work between and during sessions.
某机关的官员集体，通常由主席、副主席与报告员组成，负责届会期间及闭会期间的工作安排。
Plain English · 大白话
The chair and deputies who run the meeting.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Bureau met on … to consider the organization of work for the session and the allocation of agenda items.”

通用格式UN联合国大会及委员会主席团会议常见表述

Note · 用法提示
主席团席位按地区集团分配；「扩大主席团」(extended bureau) 常用于非正式协调。
机制 · 主席与主持→ Chair / Chairperson / President→ Rapporteur→ Regional Group

Chair / Chairperson / President 主席

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The officer who presides over a body's meetings, rules on points of procedure, and steers the search for agreement, usually a member's representative acting in a personal capacity.
主持会议、裁决程序问题、推动达成一致的官员，通常由成员代表以个人身份担任。
Plain English · 大白话
The person with the gavel.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Chair proposed, and the Council agreed, that the item be kept on the agenda of the next meeting.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织会议纪要常见句式（WT/GC/M 系列）

Note · 用法提示
联合国大会用 President，委员会用 Chair；世界贸易组织理事会与委员会主席由成员代表轮任，秘书处人员不担任；主席以个人责任提出的案文叫 Chair's text。
By organization · 各组织的叫法
UNPresident (GA, SC) / Chair (committees)大会主席按地区轮流；安理会主席按国名字母顺序每月轮换
WTOChairperson由成员大使担任，年度轮换，经协商一致任命
ICAPresident由大会选举，任期四年
机制 · 主席与主持→ Bureau→ Chair's Text→ Presidency / Rotation

Rapporteur 报告员

UN
Meaning · 定义
A person appointed by a body to prepare and present a report on its proceedings or on a specific subject.
由某机关指定、负责撰写并提交其议事报告或专题报告的人。
Plain English · 大白话
The one who writes it up.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Rapporteur introduced the draft report of the Committee, which was adopted without a vote.”

通用格式UN联合国大会委员会记录常见表述

Note · 用法提示
委员会主席团成员之一；人权理事会的「特别报告员」(Special Rapporteur) 是独立专家，含义不同。
机制 · 主席与主持→ Bureau→ Report

Secretariat 秘书处

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The permanent administrative organ of an organization, headed by a chief administrative officer, which serves the member-driven organs and implements their decisions.
组织的常设行政机关，由行政首长领导，为成员主导的各机关提供服务并执行其决定。
Plain English · 大白话
The staff who prepare, record, and implement, but do not decide.
In practice · 文件用法

“In the performance of their duties the Secretary-General and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or from any other authority external to the Organization.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第一百条第一款

“There shall be a Secretariat of the WTO headed by a Director-General.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第六条第一款

Note · 用法提示
「秘书处服务成员」是核心界限：世界贸易组织秘书处不能替成员做决定；《联合国宪章》第一百条要求职员不接受任何政府指示。国际合作社联盟的对应机构叫 Global Office。
By organization · 各组织的叫法
UNSecretariat / Secretary-General宪章第十五章
WTOSecretariat / Director-General日内瓦，约六百余名职员
ICAGlobal Office / Director General布鲁塞尔
机制 · 秘书处→ Secretary-General / Director-General→ Mandate

Secretary-General / Director-General 秘书长 / 总干事

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The chief administrative officer of an organization, appointed by the plenary organ, responsible for the secretariat and for carrying out the decisions of the members.
组织的行政首长，由全体机关任命，负责秘书处并执行成员的决定。
Plain English · 大白话
The head of staff, not the head of the organization's members.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary-General and such staff as the Organization may require. The Secretary-General shall be appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. He shall be the chief administrative officer of the Organization.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第九十七条

“The Ministerial Conference shall appoint the Director-General and adopt regulations setting out the powers, duties, conditions of service and term of office of the Director-General.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第六条第二款

Note · 用法提示
联合国秘书长由安理会推荐、大会任命；世界贸易组织总干事由部长级会议任命，任期四年可连任一次；国际合作社联盟称 Director General，由理事会聘任。
机制 · 秘书处机制 · 选举、增补与人事任命→ Secretariat→ Term of Office

Presidency / Rotation 主席国 / 轮值

UN
Meaning · 定义
The office of presiding over a body for a fixed period, often rotating among members according to an agreed order.
在固定期间主持某机关的职位，常按约定顺序在成员之间轮换。
Plain English · 大白话
Whose turn it is to run the meeting this month.
In practice · 文件用法

“The presidency of the Security Council for the month of … was held by …”

通用格式UN安理会月度工作报告常见表述

Note · 用法提示
安理会主席按成员国英文国名字母顺序每月轮换；大会主席每届由五个地区集团轮流推举。
机制 · 主席与主持→ Chair / Chairperson / President→ Regional Group

Regional Group 地区集团

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
One of the groupings of member States, based on geography, used to allocate seats, offices, and speaking slots.
按地理划分的会员国集团，用于分配席位、职位与发言顺序。
Plain English · 大白话
The blocs that share out the seats.
In practice · 文件用法

“The seat allocated to the Group of Asia-Pacific States will be filled by election at a later date.”

通用格式UN联合国大会选举记录常见表述

Note · 用法提示
联合国五个地区集团：非洲、亚太、东欧、拉丁美洲和加勒比、西欧和其他；世界贸易组织没有正式地区集团，实际按议题结盟（非洲集团、最不发达国家集团、凯恩斯集团）。
机制 · 选举、增补与人事任命→ Equitable Geographical Distribution→ Like-minded Group / Coalition→ Bureau

Delegation 代表团

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The group of persons accredited to represent a member at a meeting or organization, headed by a head of delegation and bound by its government's instructions.
经认可、代表某成员出席会议或参加组织的人员团体，由团长率领，受本国政府训令约束。
Plain English · 大白话
The country's team in the room.
In practice · 文件用法

“My delegation wishes to place on record its position on this matter.”

通用格式UN联合国与世界贸易组织会议发言常见句式

Note · 用法提示
发言说 my delegation，代表的是政府立场；「代表团」与「常驻代表团」(permanent mission) 区分：前者是出席某次会议的团组，后者是常设机构。
机制 · 参与条件：会议形式、语言与数字系统→ Permanent Mission→ Credentials→ Instructions from Capital

Permanent Mission 常驻代表团

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
A member's standing diplomatic representation to an international organization at its seat, headed by a permanent representative with ambassadorial rank.
成员派驻国际组织所在地的常设外交代表机构，由大使级常驻代表领导。
Plain English · 大白话
The embassy to the organization.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Permanent Mission of … to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretariat and has the honour to …”

通用格式UN照会 (note verbale) 固定开头句式

Note · 用法提示
照会的发文与收文主体通常是常驻代表团；世界贸易组织成员在日内瓦的代表团常兼任对联合国日内瓦办事处的代表团。
文书 · 普通照会→ Delegation→ Note Verbale

Sectoral Organisation 行业组织

ICA
Meaning · 定义
An ICA body grouping members from one economic sector, such as agriculture, banking, or housing, with its own governance and representation on the Board.
国际合作社联盟按经济行业（农业、银行、住房等）组织成员的机构，有独立治理并在理事会有代表。
Plain English · 大白话
The industry chapters inside the alliance.
In practice · 文件用法

“Each sectoral organisation shall elect a representative to serve on the Board of the Alliance.”

通用格式ICA国际合作社联盟章程类文件常见表述

Note · 用法提示
国际合作社联盟有八个行业组织；成员可同时属于区域组织与行业组织。
机制 · 委员会体系→ Executive Board / Board→ Regional Organisation / Office

Regional Organisation / Office 区域组织 / 区域办事处

ICA
Meaning · 定义
An ICA structure for a geographical region (Africa, Americas, Asia-Pacific, Europe) that represents members in the region and reviews membership applications.
国际合作社联盟按地理区域（非洲、美洲、亚太、欧洲）设立的机构，代表本区域成员并审核入会申请。
Plain English · 大白话
The alliance's regional branch.
In practice · 文件用法

“Applications for membership shall be reviewed by the relevant regional organisation before submission to the Board.”

通用格式ICA国际合作社联盟入会程序常见表述

Note · 用法提示
入会申请先经区域组织审核再报理事会；区域大会与全球大会交替举行。
机制 · 成员资格→ Sectoral Organisation→ Apex Organisation→ Accession

决策与表决

Decision-making · 20

Consensus 协商一致

WTOUNICA
Meaning · 定义
Adoption of a decision without a vote when no member present at the meeting formally objects to the proposed decision.
在会议上没有任何在场成员正式反对的情况下，不经表决通过决定。
Plain English · 大白话
Nobody objects, so it passes without counting hands.
In practice · 文件用法

“The body concerned shall be deemed to have decided by consensus on a matter submitted for its consideration, if no Member, present at the meeting when the decision is taken, formally objects to the proposed decision.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第九条第一款脚注 1

“The WTO shall continue the practice of decision-making by consensus followed under GATT 1947. Except as otherwise provided, where a decision cannot be arrived at by consensus, the matter at issue shall be decided by voting.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第九条第一款

“The draft resolution was adopted without a vote.”

通用格式UN联合国大会会议记录固定句式

Note · 用法提示
协商一致不等于一致同意 (unanimity)：沉默或不反对即可，无需人人明确赞成。《建立世界贸易组织协定》第九条脚注给出正式定义；联合国的对应说法是「未经表决通过」(adopted without a vote)。
By organization · 各组织的叫法
WTOconsensus几乎所有决定的实际规则；表决条款很少启用
UNadopted without a vote大会多数决议以此方式通过
ICAconsensus / show of hands大会多数事项先寻求一致，争议事项付表决
机制 · 协商一致→ Unanimity / Mutual Agreement→ Negative (Reverse) Consensus→ Adoption→ Lowest Common Denominator

Unanimity / Mutual Agreement 一致同意 / 相互同意

OECDUN
Meaning · 定义
A decision rule requiring the affirmative agreement of all members entitled to vote.
要求全体有表决权成员明确表示同意的决策规则。
Plain English · 大白话
Everyone has to say yes.
In practice · 文件用法

“Unless the Organisation otherwise agrees unanimously for special cases, decisions shall be taken and recommendations shall be made by mutual agreement of all the Members.”

原文核对OECD《经济合作与发展组织公约》第六条第一款

Note · 用法提示
与协商一致的区别在于须明确同意，无人反对还不够。经合组织的相互同意 (mutual agreement) 接近一致同意，但弃权不阻止通过，且弃权方不受该决定约束。
机制 · 协商一致机制 · 表决→ Consensus→ Abstention

Vote / Voting 表决

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The formal procedure by which members express approval, rejection, or abstention on a proposal in order to reach a decision.
成员对提案表示赞成、反对或弃权以形成决定的正式程序。
Plain English · 大白话
Counting who says yes, no, or neither.
In practice · 文件用法

“Each member of the General Assembly shall have one vote.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第十八条第一款

“At meetings of the Ministerial Conference and the General Council, each Member of the WTO shall have one vote.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第九条第一款

Note · 用法提示
方式有举手、唱名 (roll-call)、记录表决 (recorded vote)、无记名投票 (secret ballot，用于选举)。世界贸易组织虽有表决条款，实践中几乎不用。
机制 · 表决→ Simple Majority→ Abstention→ Recorded Vote / Roll-call Vote→ Weighted Voting

Recorded Vote / Roll-call Vote 记录表决 / 唱名表决

UN
Meaning · 定义
A vote in which each member's position is recorded by name in the official record, taken on request of any member.
应任一成员要求进行、将每个成员的立场按名记入正式记录的表决。
Plain English · 大白话
Everyone's yes or no goes on the record.
In practice · 文件用法

“A recorded vote was taken on draft resolution A/79/L.… The draft resolution was adopted by 141 votes to 5, with 35 abstentions.”

通用格式UN联合国大会会议记录常见表述

Note · 用法提示
提出记录表决本身是施压手段：迫使各国公开站队。联合国大会记录表决结果写作「x 票赞成、y 票反对、z 票弃权」。
机制 · 表决→ Vote / Voting→ Abstention

Simple Majority 简单多数

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
More than half of the members present and voting.
出席并参加表决的成员的过半数。
Plain English · 大白话
Over half of those who actually vote yes or no.
In practice · 文件用法

“Decisions on other questions, including the determination of additional categories of questions to be decided by a two-thirds majority, shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第十八条第三款

Note · 用法提示
分母是「出席并参加表决」，弃权不计，所以弃权实际上降低了通过门槛。
机制 · 表决→ Two-thirds Majority→ Present and Voting→ Abstention

Two-thirds Majority 三分之二多数

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
A qualified majority of two thirds of the members present and voting, required for questions designated as important.
出席并参加表决成员的三分之二，用于被指定为重要问题的事项。
Plain English · 大白话
Two out of three have to say yes.
In practice · 文件用法

“Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第十八条第二款

“Decisions on accession shall be taken by the Ministerial Conference. The Ministerial Conference shall approve the agreement on the terms of accession by a two-thirds majority of the Members of the WTO.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第十二条第二款

Note · 用法提示
联合国大会「重要问题」：和平与安全建议、选举安理会与经社理事会成员、接纳新会员、预算问题等；世界贸易组织修正协定与批准加入用三分之二成员（第十条、第十二条）。
机制 · 表决→ Simple Majority→ Qualified Majority / Three-fourths Majority

Qualified Majority / Three-fourths Majority 特定多数 / 四分之三多数

WTO
Meaning · 定义
A majority higher than one half, such as two thirds or three fourths of the members, required for specified categories of decisions.
高于过半数的多数（如三分之二或四分之三），用于特定类别的决定。
Plain English · 大白话
A higher bar for bigger decisions.
In practice · 文件用法

“In exceptional circumstances, the Ministerial Conference may decide to waive an obligation imposed on a Member by this Agreement or any of the Multilateral Trade Agreements, provided that any such decision shall be taken by three fourths of the Members unless otherwise provided for in this paragraph.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第九条第三款

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织豁免义务与解释协定都要四分之三成员；注意分母是全体成员，与「出席并参加表决」不同。
机制 · 表决→ Two-thirds Majority→ Waiver

Weighted Voting 加权投票

IMFWorld BankICA
Meaning · 定义
A system in which members' votes carry different weights, typically based on financial contribution, quota, or size.
各成员票数权重不同的制度，通常按出资、份额或规模确定。
Plain English · 大白话
Bigger contributors get more votes.
In practice · 文件用法

“The total votes of each member shall be equal to the sum of its basic votes and its quota-based votes.”

通用格式IMF《国际货币基金组织协定》第十二条第五款常见表述

Note · 用法提示
国际货币基金组织与世界银行按份额加权；与主权平等下的一国一票相对。国际合作社联盟大会表决权按成员规模分档，也是一种加权。
By organization · 各组织的叫法
IMFquota-based votes基本票加份额票
World Bankshares按认购股份
ICAtiered voting rights按成员规模分档，最多不超过一定票数
机制 · 表决→ Sovereign Equality→ Democratic Member Control

Veto 否决权

UN
Meaning · 定义
The power of a member to block a decision by a negative vote, notably that of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council on non-procedural matters.
成员以反对票阻止决定通过的权力，特指联合国安理会五个常任理事国在非程序事项上的权力。
Plain English · 大白话
One no from the right seat stops everything.
In practice · 文件用法

“Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members; provided that, in decisions under Chapter VI, and under paragraph 3 of Article 52, a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第二十七条第三款

Note · 用法提示
宪章原文不用 veto 一词，而说「常任理事国之同意票」(concurring votes)；实践确立常任理事国弃权或缺席不构成否决。
机制 · 表决→ Abstention→ Sovereign Equality

Abstention 弃权

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
A member's formal choice, while present, to vote neither for nor against a proposal.
成员在场但既不投赞成票也不投反对票的正式选择。
Plain English · 大白话
Present, but sitting this one out.
In practice · 文件用法

“The draft resolution was adopted by 120 votes to 7, with 35 abstentions.”

通用格式UN联合国大会会议记录固定表述

Note · 用法提示
联合国大会中弃权不计入「出席并参加表决」；安理会常任理事国弃权不阻止决议通过。弃权常配合解释性发言说明理由。
机制 · 表决→ Vote / Voting→ Present and Voting→ Explanation of Vote / Position

Present and Voting 出席并参加表决

UN
Meaning · 定义
Members casting an affirmative or negative vote; members abstaining are considered as not voting.
投赞成票或反对票的成员；弃权者视为未参加表决。
Plain English · 大白话
Only yes and no count toward the total.
In practice · 文件用法

“For the purposes of these rules, the phrase "members present and voting" means members casting an affirmative or negative vote. Members which abstain from voting are considered as not voting.”

文号待核UN联合国大会议事规则第八十六条（A/520/Rev.20）

Note · 用法提示
计算多数的分母以此为准，定义见联合国大会议事规则第八十六条；世界贸易组织特定多数以「全体成员」为分母，两者不同。
机制 · 表决→ Simple Majority→ Abstention→ Quorum

Quorum 法定人数

UNICA
Meaning · 定义
The minimum number of members that must be present for a meeting to open or for a decision to be taken.
会议得以开始或作出决定所需的最低出席成员数。
Plain English · 大白话
Not enough people, no decision.
In practice · 文件用法

“The President may declare a meeting open and permit the debate to proceed when at least one third of the members of the General Assembly are present. The presence of a majority of the members shall be required for any decision to be taken.”

文号待核UN联合国大会议事规则第六十七条

Note · 用法提示
联合国大会：三分之一到场可开会，过半数到场才能作决定；国际合作社联盟大会的法定人数按章程以成员票数计算。
机制 · 表决→ Present and Voting→ Session

Adoption 通过

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The formal act by which a body approves a text, making it a decision, resolution, or report of that body.
某机关正式批准一份文本，使之成为该机关的决定、决议或报告的行为。
Plain English · 大白话
The moment a draft becomes official.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Committee adopted the report as amended.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织委员会纪要常见句式

“Adopted at the 85th plenary meeting.”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议脚注固定表述

Note · 用法提示
通过 (adopt) 不等于批准 (ratify)：条约文本在会议上通过后仍需各国批准才生效。报告「通过」与「注意到」(took note of) 效力不同，后者不表示认可内容。
机制 · 协商一致机制 · 表决→ Resolution→ Decision→ Report

Resolution 决议

UNICA
Meaning · 定义
A formal text adopted by an organ expressing its decision, recommendation, or opinion, structured in preambular and operative paragraphs.
由某机关通过、表达其决定、建议或意见的正式文本，由序言段与执行段构成。
Plain English · 大白话
The organization's formal written position.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第二十五条

Note · 用法提示
联合国大会决议对会员国是建议性的，安理会第七章决议有约束力；世界贸易组织不用「决议」，用 Decision 与 Declaration；国际合作社联盟大会通过的也叫 resolution。
By organization · 各组织的叫法
UNresolution (A/RES/, S/RES/)大会建议性；安理会第七章有约束力
WTOdecision / declaration部长决定与宣言
ICAresolution大会决议，对成员组织是政策指引
文书 · 决议→ Decision→ Declaration→ Preambular Paragraph (PP)→ Operative Paragraph (OP)→ Binding / Non-binding

Decision 决定

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
A formal act of a body that settles a matter, from a procedural point to a substantive ruling; in the WTO the standard form of Ministerial Conference and General Council action.
某机关就一事项作出的正式处理，从程序事项到实质裁定；在世界贸易组织是部长级会议与总理事会行动的标准形式。
Plain English · 大白话
A settled 'we will do this'.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Ministerial Conference decides as follows: …”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织部长决定开头固定句式（WT/MIN 系列）

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织的 Ministerial Decision 与理事会决定是主要产出；联合国大会的「决定」多为程序性，「决议」才是实质文件。
文书 · 部长宣言与部长决定→ Resolution→ Adoption

Declaration 宣言

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
A solemn text adopted by a body stating principles, commitments, or political intent, usually without binding legal force.
由某机关通过、宣示原则、承诺或政治意愿的庄重文本，通常没有法律约束力。
Plain English · 大白话
A strong statement of intent, not a contract.
In practice · 文件用法

“We, the Ministers, … reaffirm the principles and objectives set out in the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织部长宣言开头常见句式

Note · 用法提示
多哈部长宣言启动了谈判回合；联合国宣言（如《世界人权宣言》）可通过后续条约与习惯法获得约束力。宣言常用第一人称复数：We, the Ministers …
文书 · 决议文书 · 部长宣言与部长决定→ Resolution→ Outcome Document

Binding / Non-binding 有约束力 / 无约束力

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
Whether a text creates legal obligations for members, or only recommendations and political commitments.
文本是否为成员创设法律义务，还是只构成建议与政治承诺。
Plain English · 大白话
Must do, or should do.
In practice · 文件用法

“Calls upon all States to …”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议执行段（建议性）常见句式

“Decides that all States shall …”

通用格式UN安理会第七章决议执行段（约束性）常见句式

Note · 用法提示
判断约束力先看依据条款，再看动词：shall / decides 对应义务，should / recommends / calls upon / invites 对应建议。安理会第七章「决定」有约束力，大会「呼吁」没有。
→ Resolution→ Operative Paragraph (OP)→ Recommendation

Recommendation 建议

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
A formal text or paragraph that advises members or another organ to take a course of action without imposing a legal obligation.
建议成员或另一机关采取某种行动、但不施加法律义务的正式文本或段落。
Plain English · 大白话
Advice from the organization, on the record.
In practice · 文件用法

“Recommends that Member States …”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议执行段常见句式

“The Panel recommends that the Dispute Settlement Body request … to bring its measures into conformity with its obligations under the GATT 1994.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织专家组报告结论段固定句式

Note · 用法提示
大会对安理会、委员会对大会、争端专家组对争端解决机构，都是「建议」；专家组报告一旦通过，其建议即对争端方产生效力。
文书 · 决议文书 · 专家组与上诉机构报告文书 · 委员会致理事会建议→ Binding / Non-binding→ Report

Negative (Reverse) Consensus 反向协商一致

WTO
Meaning · 定义
A rule under which a decision is taken unless all members present agree not to take it, used in WTO dispute settlement for establishing panels and adopting reports.
除非全体在场成员一致同意不作出该决定，否则决定即告通过；用于世界贸易组织争端解决的专家组设立与报告通过。
Plain English · 大白话
It goes through unless everyone, including the winner, says no.
In practice · 文件用法

“Within 60 days after the date of circulation of a panel report to the Members, the report shall be adopted at a DSB meeting unless a party to the dispute formally notifies the DSB of its decision to appeal or the DSB decides by consensus not to adopt the report.”

原文核对WTO《争端解决谅解》第十六条第四款

Note · 用法提示
使争端解决裁决实际自动通过，是世界贸易组织与其他国际组织最大的制度差异之一；上诉机构停摆后，专家组报告仍可被「上诉入空」而无法通过。
机制 · 争端解决机制 · 协商一致→ Consensus→ Panel→ Appellate Body

Democratic Member Control 民主的成员控制

ICA
Meaning · 定义
The second cooperative principle: members actively participate in setting policies and making decisions, with equal voting rights in primary cooperatives.
合作社第二项原则：成员积极参与制定政策与作出决定，基层合作社成员享有平等表决权。
Plain English · 大白话
Votes go by membership, not by capital.
In practice · 文件用法

“In primary co-operatives members have equal voting rights (one member, one vote) and co-operatives at other levels are also organised in a democratic manner.”

原文核对ICA国际合作社联盟《合作社身份声明》第二项原则（节引）

Note · 用法提示
与股份公司「一股一票」相对；联合社与国际层面可按民主方式另定表决办法，国际合作社联盟大会按成员规模分档即为一例。
机制 · 表决→ Statement on the Cooperative Identity→ Weighted Voting→ Sovereign Equality

议事程序

Rules of Procedure · 17

Rules of Procedure 议事规则

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The body of rules governing how an organ conducts its meetings: sessions, agenda, officers, conduct of debate, voting, and records.
规定某机关如何开会的规则总和：届会、议程、官员、辩论、表决与记录。
Plain English · 大白话
How the meeting is run.
In practice · 文件用法

“The rules of procedure of the General Council shall apply mutatis mutandis to meetings of the Committee.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织委员会议事规则常见句式

Note · 用法提示
联合国大会议事规则（A/520）；世界贸易组织各机关议事规则以总理事会规则 WT/L/161 为蓝本，各委员会「比照适用」(mutatis mutandis)。
机制 · 议程设定机制 · 主席与主持→ Agenda→ Point of Order→ Quorum

Agenda 议程

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The list of items a body will consider at a session, adopted at the opening; items not on it cannot normally be the subject of a decision.
某机关在一届会议上审议的事项清单，开幕时通过；未列入议程的事项通常不能作出决定。
Plain English · 大白话
What can be discussed and decided.
In practice · 文件用法

“The provisional agenda was adopted as circulated in document WT/GC/W/… .”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织总理事会纪要开头固定句式

“Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its eightieth session the item entitled …”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议末段常见句式

Note · 用法提示
议程控制是权力：能否列入 (inscription) 议程本身就是争议。世界贸易组织会前以 airgram 通报议程；「其他事项」下不能作决定。
机制 · 议程设定→ Provisional Agenda→ Other Business→ Session

Provisional Agenda 临时议程

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
The draft agenda prepared by the secretariat or the chair and circulated before a session for adoption.
由秘书处或主席拟订、会前分发、待会议通过的议程草案。
Plain English · 大白话
The proposed list before the meeting approves it.
In practice · 文件用法

“The provisional agenda for a regular session shall be drawn up by the Secretary-General and communicated to the Members of the United Nations at least sixty days before the opening of the session.”

文号待核UN联合国大会议事规则第十二条

Note · 用法提示
临时议程加「补充项目」(supplementary items) 经总务委员会审查后成为正式议程；列入与否可付表决。
机制 · 议程设定→ Agenda

Session 届会

UNICA
Meaning · 定义
A period during which a body meets, comprising a series of meetings; sessions may be regular, special, or emergency special.
某机关开会的一段时期，由若干次会议组成；分常会、特别会议与紧急特别会议。
Plain English · 大白话
The whole run of meetings, not a single sitting.
In practice · 文件用法

“The General Assembly shall meet in regular annual sessions and in such special sessions as occasion may require.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第二十条

Note · 用法提示
联合国大会每年一届 (session)，届内有多次 meetings；「第七十九届会议」= seventy-ninth session；决议编号中的 78/289 表示第七十八届第 289 号。
机制 · 议程设定→ Plenary→ Agenda→ Quorum

Point of Order 程序问题

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
An intervention by a representative asking the chair to rule on the conduct of the meeting under the rules of procedure; it takes precedence over the debate.
代表请主席依议事规则裁决会议进行方式的发言，优先于正在进行的辩论。
Plain English · 大白话
Stop: are we following the rules?
In practice · 文件用法

“During the discussion of any matter, a representative may rise to a point of order, and the point of order shall be immediately decided by the President in accordance with the rules of procedure.”

文号待核UN联合国大会议事规则第七十一条

Note · 用法提示
程序问题只能针对议事程序，不能借机谈实质；主席裁决可被提出异议并立即付表决。
机制 · 主席与主持→ Rules of Procedure→ Motion→ Chair / Chairperson / President

Motion 动议

UN
Meaning · 定义
A formal proposal that a body take a specified procedural action, such as adjournment of debate, closure of debate, or division of a proposal.
要求某机关采取特定程序行动的正式提议，如中止辩论、结束辩论或分部分表决。
Plain English · 大白话
A proposal about how to proceed.
In practice · 文件用法

“A motion to adjourn the debate on the item was put to the vote and rejected by 60 votes to 55, with 20 abstentions.”

通用格式UN联合国大会会议记录常见表述

Note · 用法提示
「不采取行动动议」(no-action motion) 是搁置草案的程序手段；程序动议优先于实质提案表决。
机制 · 主席与主持→ Point of Order→ Closure / Adjournment of Debate→ Amendment

Amendment 修正案

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
A proposal that adds to, deletes from, or revises part of a draft under consideration; it is voted on before the proposal it amends.
对审议中草案增加、删除或修改部分内容的提议，先于被修正的提案表决。
Plain English · 大白话
A change to the text on the table.
In practice · 文件用法

“When an amendment is moved to a proposal, the amendment shall be voted on first.”

文号待核UN联合国大会议事规则第九十条

“Amendments to the provisions of this Agreement … shall take effect for the Members that have accepted them upon acceptance by two thirds of the Members.”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第十条第三款（节引）

Note · 用法提示
对草案的修正案 (amendment to a draft) 与对协定本身的修正 (amendment of the Agreement) 是两回事，后者走《建立世界贸易组织协定》第十条的批准程序。
机制 · 表决机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Draft Resolution→ Motion

Draft Resolution 决议草案

UNICA
Meaning · 定义
A text proposed for adoption as a resolution, circulated under a document symbol with the names of its sponsors.
提议通过为决议的文本，带文号分发，列明提案国。
Plain English · 大白话
The version before the vote.
In practice · 文件用法

“Draft resolution A/C.2/79/L.12, submitted by the Group of 77 and China.”

通用格式UN联合国大会委员会文件常见表述

Note · 用法提示
文号带 L.（限量分发）；主提国 (main sponsor) 负责主持磋商，共同提案国列名支持；修订版记作 Rev.1。
文书 · 决议→ Sponsor / Co-sponsor→ Resolution→ Amendment

Informal Consultations 非正式磋商

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
Meetings without formal record, often closed and led by a chair or facilitator, in which members negotiate texts before formal adoption.
无正式记录、常为闭门、由主席或协调人主持、成员在正式通过前谈判案文的会议。
Plain English · 大白话
Where the real bargaining happens, off the record.
In practice · 文件用法

“Following informal consultations, the Chair presented a revised draft text for consideration.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织谈判组会议报告常见句式

Note · 用法提示
安理会「全体非正式磋商」无记录；世界贸易组织的绿屋会议与非正式团长会议同理；正式会议常只是走程序。
机制 · 磋商机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Green Room→ Facilitator / Friend of the Chair→ Chair's Text

Explanation of Vote / Position 解释性发言

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
A short statement by a member, before or after a vote or the adoption of a text, explaining its position without reopening the debate.
成员在表决或通过文本前后所作的简短发言，说明立场而不重开辩论。
Plain English · 大白话
Why we voted the way we did.
In practice · 文件用法

“My delegation joined the consensus on the resolution but wishes to explain its position on paragraph 7.”

通用格式UN联合国大会解释性发言常见句式

Note · 用法提示
无表决通过时叫「立场解释」(explanation of position)；加入协商一致但有保留的成员常借此把不同意见记入记录。
机制 · 表决→ Abstention→ Reservation→ Interpretative Statement

Right of Reply 答辩权

UN
Meaning · 定义
The right of a member to respond briefly to statements that refer to it, exercised at the end of a meeting and limited in time.
成员对提及本国的发言作简短回应的权利，在会议末尾行使并有时限。
Plain English · 大白话
The chance to answer when you are named.
In practice · 文件用法

“The representative of … spoke in exercise of the right of reply.”

通用格式UN联合国会议记录固定表述

Note · 用法提示
通常每次会议每个代表团两次，第一次限时长于第二次；用于外交争执，实质谈判不用。
机制 · 主席与主持→ Explanation of Vote / Position

Credentials 全权证书

UNICA
Meaning · 定义
A document issued by a head of State or Government or by a foreign minister designating the persons entitled to represent a member at a session.
由国家元首、政府首脑或外交部长签发、指定有权代表某成员出席会议之人的文件。
Plain English · 大白话
Proof that you are allowed to speak for your country.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Credentials Committee examined the credentials of representatives to the seventy-ninth session and decided to accept them.”

通用格式UN联合国大会全权证书委员会报告常见表述

Note · 用法提示
全权证书委员会审查后向大会报告；对同一国家的代表权之争在此处发生。
机制 · 参与条件：会议形式、语言与数字系统→ Delegation

Record / Minutes 记录 / 纪要

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The official account of a meeting prepared by the secretariat: verbatim (word for word), summary, or minutes in indirect speech.
秘书处编制的会议正式记录：逐字记录、简要记录或以间接引语写成的纪要。
Plain English · 大白话
What the meeting is remembered as saying.
In practice · 文件用法

“The representative of … said that his delegation could not accept the proposal in its current form and reserved the right to revert to the matter.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织会议纪要常见句式

Note · 用法提示
联合国有逐字记录 (PV) 与简要记录 (SR)；世界贸易组织的纪要 (minutes, /M 系列) 以「某代表说……」的间接引语写，这是站内「转述」话语功能的主要来源。
文书 · 会议纪要与总结报告→ Report→ Adoption

Closure / Adjournment of Debate 结束辩论 / 中止辩论

UN
Meaning · 定义
Procedural motions to end discussion of an item and proceed to a decision, or to postpone it to a later time.
结束某事项的讨论并转入决定，或将其推迟到以后审议的程序动议。
Plain English · 大白话
Stop talking and vote, or put it off.
In practice · 文件用法

“A representative may at any time move the closure of the debate on the item under discussion, whether or not any other representative has signified his wish to speak.”

文号待核UN联合国大会议事规则第七十五条

Note · 用法提示
结束辩论后立即表决；中止辩论 (adjournment) 实际上是搁置，常被用作不采取行动的手段。
机制 · 主席与主持→ Motion

Other Business 其他事项

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
A standing agenda item under which members may raise matters not on the agenda, without a decision being taken.
常设议程项目，成员可在其下提出未列入议程的事项，但不作决定。
Plain English · 大白话
You can raise it, but nothing gets decided.
In practice · 文件用法

“Under "Other Business", the representative of … drew the Committee's attention to a recent measure adopted by … .”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织委员会纪要常见表述

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织委员会常在此项下预告关切或通报进展；要作决定须先列入议程。
机制 · 议程设定→ Agenda→ Specific Trade Concern (STC)

Specific Trade Concern (STC) 特定贸易关注

WTO
Meaning · 定义
An item raised by a WTO Member in the SPS or TBT Committee about another Member's measure, discussed and recorded in the minutes without a decision.
世界贸易组织成员在卫生与植物卫生措施委员会或技术性贸易壁垒委员会就另一成员的措施提出的事项，经讨论记入纪要但不作决定。
Plain English · 大白话
Publicly flagging a problem, short of a formal complaint.
In practice · 文件用法

“… raised a specific trade concern regarding …'s measure on … and requested clarification of its scientific basis.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织卫生与植物卫生措施委员会纪要常见句式（G/SPS/R 系列）

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织特有的话语实践：先在委员会施压，再决定是否走争端解决；多数关注在委员会层面解决。
机制 · 通报与监督机制 · 磋商→ Notification→ Other Business→ Dispute Settlement

文书与文号

Documents · 12

Document Symbol 文号

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
The alphanumeric code identifying an official document and indicating the issuing organ, series, session, and sequence.
标识正式文件、显示发文机关、系列、届次与序号的字母数字代码。
Plain English · 大白话
The document's ID and address in one.
In practice · 文件用法

“A/RES/78/289 — General Assembly resolution 289 of the seventy-eighth session.”

原文核对UN联合国文号示例

“WT/MIN(22)/24 — Ministerial Conference, twelfth session (2022), document 24.”

原文核对WTO世界贸易组织文号示例

Note · 用法提示
联合国：A/ 大会、S/ 安理会、E/ 经社理事会；/RES/ 决议、/L. 限量分发、/CRP. 会议室文件、/PV. 逐字记录、/SR. 简要记录。世界贸易组织：WT/ 总理事会与部长级会议、G/ 货物、S/ 服务、IP/ 知识产权、TN/ 谈判；/W 工作文件、/M 纪要、/N 通报、/R 报告。
文书 · 决议文书 · 会议纪要与总结报告文书 · 通报→ Draft Resolution→ Record / Minutes

Preambular Paragraph (PP) 序言段

UN
Meaning · 定义
An introductory paragraph of a resolution, beginning with a participle such as Recalling or Recognizing, that sets out context and justification without deciding anything.
决议的引言段落，以 Recalling、Recognizing 一类分词开头，交代背景与理由，不作决定。
Plain English · 大白话
The 'given that…' part.
In practice · 文件用法

“Recalling its resolution 70/1 of 25 September 2015, entitled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", …”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议序言段常见句式

Note · 用法提示
序言段以现在分词开头且排印为斜体；先「框住语境」是谈判策略，序言段的分歧常比执行段更难解决。
文书 · 决议→ Operative Paragraph (OP)→ Resolution

Operative Paragraph (OP) 执行段

UN
Meaning · 定义
A numbered paragraph of a resolution that states what the body decides, requests, urges, or calls for.
决议中编号的段落，写明机关决定、请求、敦促或呼吁的内容。
Plain English · 大白话
The 'therefore we…' part.
In practice · 文件用法

“Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its eightieth session a report on the implementation of the present resolution.”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议执行段常见句式

Note · 用法提示
动词强度阶梯：Decides > Requests > Urges > Calls upon > Invites > Encourages > Notes；决议的力度就在这些动词上。站内话语库的「决定」「请求与敦促」功能按此展开。
文书 · 决议→ Preambular Paragraph (PP)→ Binding / Non-binding→ Resolution

Note Verbale 普通照会

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
A formal written communication in the third person between a mission and a ministry or secretariat, unsigned but initialled, with fixed opening and closing courtesy formulas.
代表团与外交部或秘书处之间以第三人称写成的正式函件，不签名只签缩写，开头与结尾有固定礼节句式。
Plain English · 大白话
The most formal way to put something in writing.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Permanent Mission of … to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General and has the honour to refer to … The Permanent Mission avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the Secretary-General the assurances of its highest consideration.”

通用格式UN普通照会固定开头与结尾句式

Note · 用法提示
与 letter（第一人称、签名）区分。开头 presents its compliments，结尾 avails itself of this opportunity to renew … the assurances of its highest consideration。
文书 · 普通照会→ Permanent Mission→ Aide-mémoire

Aide-mémoire 备忘录

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
An informal written summary of points made or positions taken, handed over during or after a meeting to leave a record without the formality of a note.
会谈中或会后交给对方、记录所述要点或立场的非正式书面摘要，不具照会的正式性。
Plain English · 大白话
A leave-behind so nobody forgets what was said.
In practice · 文件用法

“This aide-mémoire summarizes the points raised by the delegation during the meeting held on … .”

通用格式UN备忘录常见开头句式

Note · 用法提示
无抬头、无签名、无礼节句式；用于把口头内容固定成文字。
文书 · 普通照会→ Note Verbale→ Non-paper

Non-paper 非文件

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
An informal text circulated without official status or attribution to test ideas or bridge positions during negotiations.
谈判中为试探想法或弥合立场而散发、没有正式地位与署名的非正式文本。
Plain English · 大白话
Ideas on paper that nobody has to own.
In practice · 文件用法

“The delegation circulated a non-paper containing possible elements for a compromise text.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织谈判组报告常见表述

Note · 用法提示
可随时收回，不入档、不带文号；谈判僵局时的常用工具。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理文书 · 谈判案文与主席案文文书 · 概念说明→ Chair's Text→ Bracketed Text→ Aide-mémoire

Chair's Text 主席案文

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
A draft prepared by a chair or facilitator on their own responsibility to consolidate positions and move a negotiation forward.
主席或协调人以个人责任拟订、汇总各方立场以推进谈判的草案。
Plain English · 大白话
The chair's best guess at a deal.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Chair circulated a revised draft modalities text on his own responsibility, drawing on Members' submissions and consultations.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织谈判组主席报告常见句式

Note · 用法提示
「以主席个人责任」(on the Chair's own responsibility) 意味着任何一方都可拒绝，不构成成员共识；世界贸易组织农业谈判的 Rev. 系列即此类。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理机制 · 主席与主持文书 · 谈判案文与主席案文→ Non-paper→ Bracketed Text→ Facilitator / Friend of the Chair

Bracketed Text 括号案文

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
Language in a negotiating text placed in square brackets to show that it has not been agreed; alternative wordings may appear as bracketed options.
谈判案文中放在方括号里、表示尚未达成一致的措辞；备选措辞以并列括号呈现。
Plain English · 大白话
The parts still being fought over.
In practice · 文件用法

“[Members shall][Members should] notify the Committee of any measure … [within 30 days][promptly].”

通用格式WTO谈判案文括号写法示例

Note · 用法提示
「去括号」(cleaning the text) 是谈判进度指标；括号内的 shall / should 之争决定条款的约束力。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理文书 · 谈判案文与主席案文→ Chair's Text→ Non-paper→ Binding / Non-binding

Outcome Document 成果文件

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
The negotiated text adopted at the end of a conference or summit, recording the commitments agreed.
会议或峰会结束时通过、记录所达成承诺的谈判文本。
Plain English · 大白话
What the conference is remembered by.
In practice · 文件用法

“Adopts the outcome document of the … Conference, annexed to the present resolution.”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议常见句式

Note · 用法提示
常由大会以决议「通过」并附于决议之后；从零稿到成果文件的过程即会议谈判本身。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理文书 · 决议→ Declaration→ Zero Draft

Zero Draft 零稿

UN
Meaning · 定义
The first full draft of a negotiated text, issued by co-facilitators to open line-by-line negotiations.
谈判文本的第一份完整草案，由共同协调人发出，作为逐行谈判的起点。
Plain English · 大白话
The starting version everyone will rewrite.
In practice · 文件用法

“The co-facilitators circulated the zero draft of the political declaration on … .”

通用格式UN联合国会议筹备进程常见表述

Note · 用法提示
之后依次为 first draft、revised draft、final draft；「零」表示尚无任何一方背书。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理文书 · 谈判案文与主席案文→ Chair's Text→ Outcome Document→ Facilitator / Friend of the Chair

Report 报告

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
A document by a body, the secretariat, or an official recording proceedings, findings, or recommendations for a parent organ.
由机关、秘书处或官员编写、向上级机关记录议事、结论或建议的文件。
Plain English · 大白话
The formal write-up sent upward.
In practice · 文件用法

“Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General;”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议执行段常见句式

“The Committee adopted its annual report to the Council for Trade in Goods, as contained in document G/L/… .”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织委员会纪要常见表述

Note · 用法提示
委员会报告「通过」后成为该委员会的立场；秘书处报告只是「提交」，由成员「注意到」；争端专家组报告经争端解决机构通过后才有效力。
文书 · 秘书处报告与说明文书 · 专家组与上诉机构报告→ Record / Minutes→ Adoption→ Recommendation

Communiqué / Chair's Summary 公报 / 主席总结

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
A public statement issued after a meeting summarizing its outcomes; a chair's summary is issued on the chair's own authority when an agreed text is not possible.
会后发布、概述成果的公开声明；无法达成一致文本时，由主席以个人名义发布主席总结。
Plain English · 大白话
The version for the press, or the chair's own account when there is no deal.
In practice · 文件用法

“In the absence of consensus, the Chair issued a summary of the discussions under her own responsibility.”

通用格式WTO部长级会议与谈判会议报告常见表述

Note · 用法提示
「主席总结」通常意味着未能协商一致；读会议结果先看文件是「通过的宣言」还是「主席总结」。
文书 · 发言与声明→ Chair's Text→ Declaration

谈判与外交话语

Negotiation & Diplomacy · 14

Position 立场

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
A member's stated stance on an issue, usually fixed in advance by instructions to its delegation and recorded in statements or papers.
成员就某一问题表明的态度，通常事先由训令确定，记录于发言或文件中。
Plain English · 大白话
What we can and cannot accept.
In practice · 文件用法

“My delegation reserves its position on paragraph 5 pending instructions from capital.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织与联合国会议发言常见句式

Note · 用法提示
立场文件 (position paper) 与发言要点 (talking points) 是准备形式；「保留立场」(reserve its position) 表示不阻止但不同意。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Reservation→ Instructions from Capital→ Statement / Intervention

Statement / Intervention 发言 / 声明

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
A formal oral or written contribution by a delegation in a meeting, delivered in its own name or on behalf of a group.
代表团在会议上以本国或集团名义作出的正式口头或书面发言。
Plain English · 大白话
Taking the floor, on the record.
In practice · 文件用法

“I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.”

通用格式UN联合国集团发言固定开头句式

Note · 用法提示
「代表集团发言」(on behalf of the Group) 后各国可再作「本国身份的补充发言」(in its national capacity)。
文书 · 发言与声明→ Position→ Like-minded Group / Coalition→ Explanation of Vote / Position

Reservation 保留

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
A formal statement by which a member limits or excludes the legal effect of certain provisions in its regard, or signals that it does not fully accept a text while not blocking it.
成员限制或排除某些条款对本国法律效力的正式声明；在会议中也指不阻止通过但不完全接受文本的表态。
Plain English · 大白话
We accept it, except for this bit.
In practice · 文件用法

“… joined the consensus on the understanding that nothing in the decision prejudges its position in the ongoing negotiations.”

通用格式WTO会议纪要中保留立场的常见句式

Note · 用法提示
条约法上的保留（《维也纳条约法公约》第二条）与会议中「有保留地加入协商一致」是两个层次；世界贸易组织协定不允许对多边协定作保留。
机制 · 协商一致→ Position→ Interpretative Statement→ Explanation of Vote / Position

Single Undertaking 一揽子承诺

WTO
Meaning · 定义
The WTO negotiating principle that nothing is agreed until everything is agreed, so that all elements of a round are accepted as one package.
世界贸易组织的谈判原则：所有议题未全部达成一致前任何议题都不算达成，回合成果作为一个整体接受。
Plain English · 大白话
All or nothing.
In practice · 文件用法

“With the exception of the improvements and clarifications of the Dispute Settlement Understanding, the conduct, conclusion and entry into force of the outcome of the negotiations shall be treated as parts of a single undertaking.”

原文核对WTO多哈部长宣言（WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1）第 47 段

Note · 用法提示
多哈回合的基本原则，也是回合停滞的原因之一；此后转向「早期收获」与诸边倡议。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Package Deal→ Plurilateral

Package Deal 一揽子交易

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
An agreement in which several issues are settled together so that concessions on one are balanced by gains on another.
把几个议题捆绑解决、以一处让步换另一处收益的协议。
Plain English · 大白话
Trade-offs bundled into one yes.
In practice · 文件用法

“Members agreed to consider the proposals as a package rather than item by item.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织谈判报告常见表述

Note · 用法提示
部长级会议的「巴厘一揽子」「日内瓦一揽子」即此类；拆开单议题往往谈不成。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Single Undertaking→ Lowest Common Denominator

Green Room 绿屋会议

WTO
Meaning · 定义
Informal, invitation-only meetings of a limited number of WTO Members, convened by the Director-General or a chair to break deadlocks.
由世界贸易组织总干事或主席召集、少数成员受邀参加的非正式会议，用于打破僵局。
Plain English · 大白话
The small back room where the deal is shaped.
In practice · 文件用法

“The outcome of the Green Room consultations was reported to an informal meeting of Heads of Delegation.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织部长级会议进程常见表述

Note · 用法提示
得名于总干事办公室旁的会议室；对透明度的批评促成了向全体团长会议通报结果的惯例。
机制 · 磋商机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Informal Consultations→ Heads of Delegation (HoDs)

Heads of Delegation (HoDs) 代表团团长会议

WTO
Meaning · 定义
An informal meeting of the heads of all delegations, used in the WTO to report on consultations and gauge positions before formal decisions.
全体代表团团长的非正式会议，世界贸易组织用以通报磋商结果并在正式决定前摸底。
Plain English · 大白话
All the ambassadors in one room, off the record.
In practice · 文件用法

“An informal meeting of Heads of Delegation will be convened on … to take stock of the negotiations.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织秘书处通知常见句式

Note · 用法提示
与总理事会正式会议的区别在于无纪要、不作决定；贸易谈判委员会也常以非正式团长会议形式开会。
机制 · 磋商→ Green Room→ Delegation→ Plenary

Facilitator / Friend of the Chair 协调人 / 主席之友

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
A delegate appointed by a chair to conduct consultations on a specific issue and report back, without formal decision-making power.
由主席指定、就特定问题主持磋商并汇报、但没有正式决定权的代表。
Plain English · 大白话
Someone trusted to find the middle ground.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Chair appointed the Ambassador of … as facilitator on the issue of fisheries subsidies.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织谈判进程常见表述

Note · 用法提示
联合国常设「共同协调人」(co-facilitators) 起草成果文件；世界贸易组织部长级会议由部长担任协调人分管议题。
机制 · 主席与主持机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Chair / Chairperson / President→ Informal Consultations→ Zero Draft

Like-minded Group / Coalition 立场相近集团 / 联盟

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
An informal grouping of members that coordinate positions on an issue or across a negotiation and often speak through one delegation.
就某一议题或整个谈判协调立场、常由一个代表团代言的非正式成员集团。
Plain English · 大白话
Allies who speak with one voice.
In practice · 文件用法

“The following statement is delivered on behalf of the African Group.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织与联合国集团发言固定句式

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织：G20（农业）、G33、非洲集团、最不发达国家集团、凯恩斯集团；联合国：七十七国集团和中国、小岛屿国家联盟。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Regional Group→ Statement / Intervention

Lowest Common Denominator 最低共识

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
An outcome reduced to what every member can accept, often at the cost of ambition or precision.
缩减到所有成员都能接受的结果，常以牺牲力度或精确性为代价。
Plain English · 大白话
The weakest text nobody objects to.
In practice · 文件用法

“The final text reflects the lowest common denominator among Members and leaves the key issues for future work.”

通用格式WTO谈判评述常见表述

Note · 用法提示
协商一致的结构性后果；评价一份成果文件时，先看它保留了多少动词强度。
机制 · 协商一致→ Consensus→ Constructive Ambiguity

Constructive Ambiguity 建设性模糊

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
Deliberately vague wording adopted so that parties with different interpretations can accept the same text.
有意采用的含糊措辞，使持不同解读的各方能接受同一文本。
Plain English · 大白话
Words each side can read its own way.
In practice · 文件用法

“… taking into account national circumstances and capacities, as appropriate.”

通用格式UN决议与宣言中的模糊限定常见句式

Note · 用法提示
典型措辞：as appropriate、in accordance with national circumstances、taking into account；站内话语库把「建设性模糊」列为单独功能。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Lowest Common Denominator→ Interpretative Statement→ Bracketed Text

Interpretative Statement 解释性声明

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
A statement by which a member records its understanding of the meaning of a provision without altering the text.
成员记录本国对某条款含义的理解、但不改动文本的声明。
Plain English · 大白话
We agree, and here is what we think it means.
In practice · 文件用法

“… wishes to state for the record its understanding that nothing in this decision creates new obligations for Members.”

通用格式WTO会议纪要中解释性声明常见句式

Note · 用法提示
常在解释性发言中作出并要求载入记录；解决建设性模糊留下的分歧，同时保住协商一致。
机制 · 协商一致→ Reservation→ Explanation of Vote / Position→ Constructive Ambiguity

Plurilateral 诸边

WTO
Meaning · 定义
An agreement or initiative among a subset of members, as distinct from multilateral (all members) or bilateral (two parties).
部分成员之间的协定或倡议，区别于多边（全体成员）与双边（两方）。
Plain English · 大白话
Some, not all.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Joint Statement Initiative on electronic commerce remains open to all Members.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织联合声明倡议常见表述

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织的诸边协定（政府采购协定）与「联合声明倡议」(JSI)；多边还是诸边是世界贸易组织改革的核心争论。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Single Undertaking→ Package Deal

Instructions from Capital 国内训令

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
The guidance a delegation receives from its government fixing what it may accept; a delegation without instructions cannot commit.
代表团从本国政府获得、规定其可接受范围的指示；没有训令的代表团不能作出承诺。
Plain English · 大白话
What headquarters has allowed us to say yes to.
In practice · 文件用法

“We have no instructions on this point and would need to revert to capital before taking a position.”

通用格式WTO会议发言常见句式

Note · 用法提示
「等待训令」是会议中最常见的拖延与保护措辞；ad referendum 表示同意以本国确认为条件。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理→ Position→ Delegation

履约与监督

Compliance & Oversight · 13

Notification 通报

WTO
Meaning · 定义
The formal communication by a member to the organization of a measure, law, or action required under an agreement, circulated to all other members.
成员依协定要求向组织正式通报某项措施、法律或行动，并分发给全体成员。
Plain English · 大白话
Telling everyone what you have done, because the rules say you must.
In practice · 文件用法

“Members shall notify changes in their sanitary or phytosanitary measures and shall provide information on their sanitary or phytosanitary measures in accordance with the provisions of Annex B.”

原文核对WTO《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定》第七条

Note · 用法提示
透明度机制的核心：G/SPS/N、G/TBT/N 系列；未通报本身可成为争议。联合国的「通知」多指秘书处分发文件。
机制 · 通报与监督文书 · 通报→ Transparency→ Specific Trade Concern (STC)→ Enquiry Point

Transparency 透明度

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
The obligation to publish measures, notify them, and answer enquiries so that other members can know and respond to them.
公布措施、进行通报并回答询问，使其他成员能够知悉并作出反应的义务。
Plain English · 大白话
No hidden rules.
In practice · 文件用法

“Laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative rulings of general application … shall be published promptly in such a manner as to enable governments and traders to become acquainted with them.”

原文核对WTO《1994 年关税与贸易总协定》第十条第一款（节引）

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织《1994 年关税与贸易总协定》第十条是透明度总条款；贸易政策审议机制是其制度化形式。
机制 · 通报与监督→ Notification→ Review / Peer Review→ Enquiry Point

Enquiry Point 咨询点

WTO
Meaning · 定义
A national office designated under WTO agreements to answer reasonable questions from other members and interested parties about measures.
成员依世界贸易组织协定指定、负责回答其他成员与利害关系方关于措施的合理询问的国家机构。
Plain English · 大白话
The official address for questions.
In practice · 文件用法

“Each Member shall ensure that one enquiry point exists which is able to answer all reasonable enquiries from interested Members and interested parties.”

原文核对WTO《技术性贸易壁垒协定》第十条第一款（节引）

Note · 用法提示
卫生与植物卫生措施协定与技术性贸易壁垒协定各要求设一个咨询点；与通报机构 (notification authority) 可以是同一单位。
机制 · 通报与监督→ Notification→ Transparency

Review / Peer Review 审议 / 同行审议

WTOUNOECD
Meaning · 定义
A periodic examination of a member's policies or implementation by the other members, producing a report and questions rather than a ruling.
其他成员定期审视某成员政策或履约情况的机制，产出报告与问题，没有裁决。
Plain English · 大白话
Your peers look at your record and comment.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Trade Policy Review of … was conducted on …; the report by the Secretariat and the report by the Government are circulated as WT/TPR/S/… and WT/TPR/G/… .”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织贸易政策审议机构记录常见表述

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织贸易政策审议 (TPR)、联合国人权理事会普遍定期审议 (UPR)、经合组织同行审议；审议不裁决，也不能作为争端解决依据。
机制 · 评估与监督机制 · 通报与监督→ Transparency→ Compliance

Compliance 遵守 / 履约

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
Conformity of a member's conduct with its obligations; in dispute settlement, the bringing of a measure into conformity with a ruling.
成员行为符合其义务；在争端解决中指将措施调整至与裁决一致。
Plain English · 大白话
Doing what you signed up to.
In practice · 文件用法

“Prompt compliance with recommendations or rulings of the DSB is essential in order to ensure effective resolution of disputes to the benefit of all Members.”

原文核对WTO《争端解决谅解》第二十一条第一款

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织裁决用语是 bring the measure into conformity；「合理期限」(reasonable period of time) 是履约期限。
机制 · 争端解决机制 · 通报与监督→ Implementation→ Dispute Settlement→ Reporting Obligation

Implementation 执行 / 落实

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The steps by which a member or a secretariat gives effect to a decision, agreement, or resolution.
成员或秘书处使决定、协定或决议得以实施的步骤。
Plain English · 大白话
Turning the text into action.
In practice · 文件用法

“Requests the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of the present resolution.”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议末段固定句式

Note · 用法提示
联合国决议以「请秘书长报告执行情况」形成闭环；世界贸易组织协定的执行由各委员会审议。
机制 · 通报与监督机制 · 评估与监督→ Compliance→ Reporting Obligation→ Report

Reporting Obligation 报告义务

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
A requirement to submit periodic reports on implementation to a monitoring body.
定期向监督机构提交履约报告的义务。
Plain English · 大白话
Send in your homework on schedule.
In practice · 文件用法

“States parties undertake to submit reports on the measures they have adopted … within one year of the entry into force of the Convention and thereafter every four years.”

通用格式UN人权条约报告条款常见句式

Note · 用法提示
人权条约机构的国家报告、世界贸易组织的定期通报、国际合作社联盟成员的年度报告，形式不同而逻辑一致。
机制 · 通报与监督→ Implementation→ Notification

Dispute Settlement 争端解决

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
The procedures by which disagreements between members over their obligations are resolved: consultations, adjudication, and enforcement.
解决成员之间关于义务分歧的程序：磋商、裁决与执行。
Plain English · 大白话
How fights over the rules get settled.
In practice · 文件用法

“The dispute settlement system of the WTO is a central element in providing security and predictability to the multilateral trading system.”

原文核对WTO《争端解决谅解》第三条第二款

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织的争端解决机构是「换个帽子」的总理事会；联合国宪章第六章列出谈判、调查、调停、和解、仲裁、司法解决等和平方法。
机制 · 争端解决→ Consultations (dispute settlement)→ Panel→ Appellate Body→ Compliance

Consultations (dispute settlement) 磋商（争端解决）

WTO
Meaning · 定义
The mandatory first stage of WTO dispute settlement in which the parties try to resolve the matter bilaterally before a panel can be requested.
世界贸易组织争端解决的强制性第一阶段：请求设立专家组之前，当事方先行双边解决。
Plain English · 大白话
Talk first; the tribunal comes later.
In practice · 文件用法

“If the consultations fail to settle a dispute within 60 days after the date of receipt of the request for consultations, the complaining party may request the establishment of a panel.”

原文核对WTO《争端解决谅解》第四条第七款（节引）

Note · 用法提示
磋商请求以文号 WT/DS…/1 分发；六十天内未果即可请求设立专家组。与委员会「磋商」(consultation) 机制同词不同义。
机制 · 争端解决机制 · 磋商→ Panel→ Dispute Settlement

Panel 专家组

WTO
Meaning · 定义
An ad hoc body, usually of three individuals, established by the DSB to examine a dispute and issue findings and recommendations.
由争端解决机构设立、通常三人组成的临时机构，负责审查争端并作出裁定与建议。
Plain English · 大白话
The three-person tribunal for a trade dispute.
In practice · 文件用法

“If the complaining party so requests, a panel shall be established at the latest at the DSB meeting following that at which the request first appears as an item on the DSB's agenda, unless at that meeting the DSB decides by consensus not to establish a panel.”

原文核对WTO《争端解决谅解》第六条第一款

Note · 用法提示
专家组报告经争端解决机构以反向协商一致通过后才有效力；专家组成员来自成员推荐名单，争端方国民回避。
机制 · 争端解决文书 · 专家组与上诉机构报告→ Negative (Reverse) Consensus→ Appellate Body→ Terms of Reference (ToR)

Appellate Body 上诉机构

WTO
Meaning · 定义
The standing WTO body of seven members that hears appeals on issues of law from panel reports; without a quorum since December 2019.
世界贸易组织七人常设机构，审理对专家组报告法律问题的上诉；2019 年 12 月起因不足法定人数停摆。
Plain English · 大白话
The appeal court that currently has no judges.
In practice · 文件用法

“… notified the DSB of its decision to appeal certain issues of law covered in the panel report.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织争端解决机构记录常见句式

Note · 用法提示
成员任命须协商一致，被单一成员阻止；部分成员以「多方临时上诉仲裁安排」(MPIA) 替代。
机制 · 争端解决机制 · 选举、增补与人事任命→ Panel→ Negative (Reverse) Consensus

Special and Differential Treatment (S&DT) 特殊与差别待遇

WTO
Meaning · 定义
Provisions giving developing and least-developed Members longer implementation periods, lower commitments, or technical assistance.
给予发展中成员与最不发达成员更长过渡期、更低承诺水平或技术援助的条款。
Plain English · 大白话
Easier terms for poorer members.
In practice · 文件用法

“Special and differential treatment for developing countries shall be an integral part of all elements of the negotiations.”

通用格式WTO多哈部长宣言农业段落常见表述

Note · 用法提示
分布在各协定中的一百余条；「自我认定」发展中地位是改革争论焦点。
机制 · 谈判与案文管理机制 · 参与条件：会议形式、语言与数字系统→ Plurilateral

Waiver 豁免

WTO
Meaning · 定义
A decision by the members releasing a member from an obligation for a limited period under exceptional circumstances, subject to review.
成员在特殊情况下决定在有限期间内免除某成员一项义务，并定期审查。
Plain English · 大白话
Permission to break a rule, for now.
In practice · 文件用法

“In exceptional circumstances, the Ministerial Conference may decide to waive an obligation imposed on a Member by this Agreement or any of the Multilateral Trade Agreements …”

原文核对WTO《建立世界贸易组织协定》第九条第三款（节引）

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织豁免须四分之三成员同意，逐年审查；实践中多以协商一致通过。
机制 · 表决→ Qualified Majority / Three-fourths Majority

财务与选举

Finance & Elections · 11

Assessed Contributions 分摊会费

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
Mandatory payments by members to the regular budget, apportioned according to an agreed scale.
成员按约定比额表向经常预算缴纳的强制性款项。
Plain English · 大白话
The membership fee you must pay.
In practice · 文件用法

“The expenses of the Organization shall be borne by the Members as apportioned by the General Assembly.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第十七条第二款

Note · 用法提示
联合国按比额表分摊；世界贸易组织按各成员在世界贸易中的份额分摊；国际合作社联盟按成员规模与所在国收入分档收取会费。
机制 · 经费→ Scale of Assessment→ Voluntary / Extra-budgetary Contributions→ Arrears

Scale of Assessment 分摊比额表

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
The formula, based mainly on capacity to pay, that determines each member's share of the regular budget.
主要依据支付能力、确定各成员经常预算份额的公式。
Plain English · 大白话
How the bill is split.
In practice · 文件用法

“Resolves that the scale of assessments for the contributions of Member States to the regular budget of the United Nations for the years … shall be as follows: …”

通用格式UN联合国大会比额表决议固定句式

Note · 用法提示
联合国上限 22%、下限 0.001%，每三年重订；世界贸易组织按贸易份额计算。
机制 · 经费→ Assessed Contributions

Voluntary / Extra-budgetary Contributions 自愿捐款 / 预算外资金

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
Funds provided by members or other donors at their discretion, often earmarked, outside the assessed regular budget.
成员或其他捐助方自愿提供、常指定用途、不在分摊经常预算之内的资金。
Plain English · 大白话
Optional money, usually with strings attached.
In practice · 文件用法

“Invites Member States and other donors to make voluntary contributions to the trust fund established for this purpose.”

通用格式UN联合国大会决议常见句式

Note · 用法提示
预算外资金占比上升被视为「捐助方议程」问题；世界贸易组织技术援助主要依赖信托基金。
机制 · 经费→ Trust Fund→ Assessed Contributions

Trust Fund 信托基金

WTOUN
Meaning · 定义
A fund established to receive voluntary contributions for a specified purpose, administered by the secretariat under its financial rules.
为特定目的接受自愿捐款而设立、由秘书处按财务细则管理的基金。
Plain English · 大白话
A ring-fenced pot for one purpose.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Doha Development Agenda Global Trust Fund finances technical assistance and training activities for developing and least-developed country Members.”

通用格式WTO世界贸易组织技术援助文件常见表述

Note · 用法提示
世界贸易组织的「多哈发展议程全球信托基金」资助技术援助；国际合作社联盟的发展项目多以专项资金运作。
机制 · 经费→ Voluntary / Extra-budgetary Contributions

Regular / Programme Budget 经常预算 / 方案预算

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The core budget financed by assessed contributions and approved by the plenary organ for a fixed period.
由分摊会费供资、由全体机关批准、覆盖固定期间的核心预算。
Plain English · 大白话
The main budget everyone pays into.
In practice · 文件用法

“Approves the programme budget for the year … in the amount of …”

通用格式UN联合国大会预算决议固定句式

Note · 用法提示
联合国自 2020 年起改为年度预算（此前为两年期）；世界贸易组织预算由预算、财务和行政委员会审议、总理事会批准。
机制 · 经费→ Assessed Contributions→ Audit / Oversight→ Programme of Work

Arrears 拖欠会费

UNWTO
Meaning · 定义
Unpaid assessed contributions past their due date; beyond a threshold they may lead to loss of voting rights.
逾期未缴的分摊会费；超过一定数额可导致失去表决权。
Plain English · 大白话
Overdue fees, with consequences.
In practice · 文件用法

“Decides that the following Member States shall be permitted to vote in the General Assembly until the end of its seventy-ninth session, as their failure to pay was due to conditions beyond their control: …”

通用格式UN联合国大会依宪章第十九条作出的例外决定常见句式

Note · 用法提示
联合国宪章第十九条以两年为线；世界贸易组织对欠费成员实行「行政措施」，逐级限制其在秘书处的权益。
机制 · 经费机制 · 表决→ Suspension of Rights→ Assessed Contributions

Term of Office 任期

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The fixed period for which an officer or an elected member of a body serves, often with limits on immediate re-election.
官员或机关当选成员任职的固定期间，常附连选连任限制。
Plain English · 大白话
How long you hold the seat.
In practice · 文件用法

“The non-permanent members of the Security Council shall be elected for a term of two years. … A retiring member shall not be eligible for immediate re-election.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第二十三条第二款（节引）

Note · 用法提示
安理会非常任理事国两年不得立即连任；世界贸易组织总干事四年可连任一次；国际合作社联盟理事任期四年。
机制 · 选举、增补与人事任命→ Election / Nomination→ Secretary-General / Director-General→ Executive Board / Board

Election / Nomination 选举 / 提名

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The procedure by which members choose officers or the members of limited-membership bodies, usually by secret ballot after nomination.
成员选出官员或限员机关成员的程序，通常先提名、再无记名投票。
Plain English · 大白话
Choosing who sits where.
In practice · 文件用法

“The General Assembly elected, by secret ballot, the following States as non-permanent members of the Security Council for a two-year term beginning on 1 January …”

通用格式UN联合国大会选举记录常见表述

Note · 用法提示
联合国选举用无记名投票、席位按地区分配；国际合作社联盟理事由成员组织提名、大会投票，并有性别与区域平衡要求。
机制 · 选举、增补与人事任命→ Term of Office→ Regional Group→ Equitable Geographical Distribution

Equitable Geographical Distribution 公平地域分配

UN
Meaning · 定义
The principle that seats, posts, and offices are allocated so that all regions are fairly represented.
分配席位、职位与官职时使各地区获得公平代表的原则。
Plain English · 大白话
Every region gets its share.
In practice · 文件用法

“… due regard being specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, and also to equitable geographical distribution.”

原文核对UN《联合国宪章》第二十三条第一款（节引）

Note · 用法提示
安理会非常任理事国席位按地区分配（非洲 3、亚太 2、拉美 2、西欧和其他 2、东欧 1）；秘书处招聘也适用此原则。
机制 · 选举、增补与人事任命→ Regional Group→ Election / Nomination

Audit / Oversight 审计 / 监督

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
Independent examination of an organization's finances and management by external auditors and internal oversight bodies, reported to the members.
由外部审计员与内部监督机构对组织财务与管理进行的独立检查，向成员报告。
Plain English · 大白话
Someone checks the books.
In practice · 文件用法

“Takes note of the report of the Board of Auditors on the financial statements of the United Nations for the year ended 31 December … .”

通用格式UN联合国大会第五委员会决议常见句式

Note · 用法提示
联合国审计委员会 (Board of Auditors) 与内部监督事务厅 (OIOS)；世界贸易组织账目由外部审计并提交预算、财务和行政委员会；国际合作社联盟账目经外部审计后提交大会。
机制 · 评估与监督机制 · 经费→ Regular / Programme Budget

Programme of Work 工作方案

UNWTOICA
Meaning · 定义
The planned activities of a body or a secretariat for a period, linked to its mandate and budget.
某机关或秘书处在一定期间内计划开展的活动，与授权和预算挂钩。
Plain English · 大白话
What will be done, and when.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Committee adopted its programme of work for the year, as set out in the annex.”

通用格式WTO委员会纪要常见表述

Note · 用法提示
委员会每年通过工作方案；秘书处的工作方案随预算一并批准。
机制 · 议程设定→ Regular / Programme Budget→ Mandate

区域性商协会

Regional Business Associations · 17

Member Services 会员服务

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
Services a membership organization provides to its members: general information and events, case-specific advice and matchmaking, and separately agreed commissioned projects, each with a stated audience, deliverable, fee, and responsible officer.
会员制组织向会员提供的服务：普遍的信息与活动、针对具体问题的咨询与对接、另行约定的委托项目，每项说明对象、交付、费用与负责人。
Plain English · 大白话
What the chamber actually does for the people who pay dues.
In practice · 文件用法

“Member services include policy and market information, business matchmaking, advisory support, company profiling, events and training, and representation of members' concerns.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
三类服务分开说明，会费支持的、另行收费的与资助项目各自写清交付范围；「已转交」要接着写转交给谁、何时反馈。
机制 · 会员服务文书 · 会员需求与服务记录→ Commissioned Project→ Member Request / Service Record

Member Request / Service Record 会员需求与服务记录

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
A recorded request from a member and the chamber's handling of it: subject, officer in charge, next step, agreed feedback date, and outcome.
会员提出的需求及商会的处理记录：主题、承办人、下一步、约定反馈时间、结果。
Plain English · 大白话
One request, one line, one owner.
In practice · 文件用法

“Each request is assigned to one officer, who informs the member of the next step and the date by which feedback will be given.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
受理后先判断直接答复、专家协助或外部机构联系；暂不能解决的写原因与后续路径。
机制 · 会员服务机制 · 评估与监督文书 · 会员需求与服务记录→ Member Services

Members' Assembly / Representative Assembly 会员大会 / 会员代表大会

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
The highest organ of a membership association, which adopts the constitution, elects the council, and sets membership dues; where members are numerous, delegates are chosen under a separate election procedure.
会员制组织的最高机关，决定章程、选举理事会、确定会费标准；会员众多时按专门办法产生代表。
Plain English · 大白话
The members' parliament.
In practice · 文件用法

“The representative assembly shall adopt and amend the constitution, elect the council, and decide on membership dues.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
会员代表大会、理事会与重大事项办公会各有出席门槛与通过比例，逐项确认。
机制 · 表决机制 · 选举、增补与人事任命→ Council→ Quorum→ Authorized Representative vs Day-to-day Contact

Authorized Representative vs Day-to-day Contact 授权代表与日常联系人

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
The person entitled to vote and sign on a member's behalf, recorded separately from the contact who handles routine communication.
有权代表会员投票、签署文件的人，与处理日常联络的联系人分别登记。
Plain English · 大白话
Who can commit the company, and who just answers the phone.
In practice · 文件用法

“The member shall designate an authorized representative for voting and signature, and may designate a separate contact person for daily liaison.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
入会时分别确认；服务记录中提出需求的联系人与授权代表分别注明。
机制 · 参与条件：会议形式、语言与数字系统机制 · 成员资格文书 · 会员需求与服务记录→ Members' Assembly / Representative Assembly→ Member Request / Service Record

Membership Tier & Dues 会费档次

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
Graded categories of membership with corresponding dues and service entitlements; governance office is recorded separately and does not follow from payment or sponsorship.
分档的会员类别及相应会费与服务待遇；治理职务另行记录，缴费或赞助本身不产生席位或额外表决权。
Plain English · 大白话
Paying more buys services, not votes.
In practice · 文件用法

“Membership tiers determine dues and service entitlements; seats on the council are filled by election and are not attached to any tier.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
服务待遇、会费档次与治理职务三本账分开。
机制 · 成员资格机制 · 经费→ Member Services→ Council

Secretary-General Responsibility 秘书长负责制

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
An arrangement in which the secretary-general organizes the annual work plan, coordinates resources and bodies, decides routine matters within delegated authority, and reports to the council.
秘书长组织实施年度工作计划、协调资源与机构、在授权范围内决定日常事项并向理事会报告的安排。
Plain English · 大白话
One person runs the office and answers to the board.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Secretary-General shall organize the implementation of the annual work plan and report to the Council on progress.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
重大立场、机构设立、重要任免与重大资金承诺提交有权机构；兼岗不取消财务复核。
机制 · 秘书处→ Council→ Resolution Follow-up

Professional Committee / Sector Chapter 专业委员会 / 专业分会

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
A body of member representatives focused on one industry or topic: market changes, technology, standards, common difficulties, and industry self-regulation.
由会员代表组成、聚焦某一行业或议题的机构：市场变化、技术应用、标准、共同难题与行业自律。
Plain English · 大白话
The industry table inside the chamber.
In practice · 文件用法

“Professional committees shall work on defined topics and report to the Council; standing status is decided after sustained demand is established.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
人员与经费有限时先专题协作，再决定是否设常设机构。
机制 · 委员会体系机制 · 专家支持与行业协作→ Expert Committee→ Industry Self-regulation

Expert Committee 专家委员会

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
A panel of non-resident experts providing research, advisory opinions, project review, and training on commission; its opinions support decisions and become the chamber's official view only after authorization.
由不驻会专家组成、受托提供研究、咨询、项目审议与培训的机构；意见用于支持决策，经授权后才成为商会正式意见。
Plain English · 大白话
Outside brains, on call.
In practice · 文件用法

“Expert opinions serve to inform decisions; their publication as the official position of the Chamber requires separate authorization.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
委托说明问题背景、所需成果、完成时间、保密要求与费用安排。
机制 · 专家支持与行业协作机制 · 磋商文书 · 行业政策建议材料→ Professional Committee / Sector Chapter→ Industry Proposal / Advocacy Submission

Branch vs Liaison Point 分支机构与联络点

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
A branch is an established unit whose name use, signing authority, member recruitment, dues attribution, and reporting duty are fixed by its founding terms and local rules; a liaison point provides information and coordination and cannot make chamber commitments without authorization.
分支机构是按设立方式与当地规则确定名称使用、签署、会员发展、会费归属与报告责任的单位；联络点提供情况与协调便利，未经授权不能作出商会承诺。
Plain English · 大白话
A branch can sign; a liaison point can only call.
In practice · 文件用法

“Liaison points provide local information and coordination; commitments in the name of the Chamber require prior authorization from the Secretariat.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
一个国家对境内分支的要求不直接套用于所有境外机构。
机制 · 区域联络与合作文书 · 区域合作联系记录→ Regional Liaison Network

Regional Liaison Network 区域联络网络

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
The set of local members, partner associations, branches, and experts through which a chamber serves members across regions, each point with a defined area, contact, scope, and reporting channel.
商会跨地区服务会员所依靠的当地会员、合作商协会、分支机构与专家网络，每个联络点有明确的地区、联系人、可承办事项与上报渠道。
Plain English · 大白话
Who to call in each place, and what they are allowed to do.
In practice · 文件用法

“Each liaison point shall be listed with its service area, principal contact, matters it may handle, and its reporting channel.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
跨地区活动由主办方明确牵头联系人；跨语言材料统一名称、主要承诺与正式文件版本。
机制 · 区域联络与合作文书 · 区域合作联系记录→ Branch vs Liaison Point

Industry Proposal / Advocacy Submission 行业建议材料

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
A submission in the chamber's name to a competent authority, built from members' common problems and structured as issue and background, facts and impact, members' views, proposed measures, and follow-up contact.
以商会名义向主管部门提交、由会员共性问题形成的材料，结构为问题与背景、事实与影响、会员意见、建议措施、后续联系。
Plain English · 大白话
The chamber's case to government, in five parts.
In practice · 文件用法

“The Chamber conveys the views of the industry; interpretation of policy rests with the authorities, and adoption of the proposal is not guaranteed.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
提交前按授权审核；提交后区分「已提交 / 收到答复 / 被采纳 / 已经实施」。
机制 · 政策建议与诉求反映文书 · 行业政策建议材料→ Common Issue vs Individual Case→ Expert Committee

Common Issue vs Individual Case 共性问题与个案

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
The distinction between a problem shared by several members, suited to research and an industry proposal, and one company's commercial concern, where the chamber can help with communication; institutional issues affecting the sector form a third category.
多个会员共同遇到的问题适合专题研究并形成行业建议；单个企业的商业诉求由商会协助沟通；对行业有较大影响的制度性问题另列一类。
Plain English · 大白话
One company's complaint is a case; three companies' complaint is an issue.
In practice · 文件用法

“Requests are classified as individual cases, common issues among members, or institutional issues with sector-wide impact, and handled accordingly.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
形成材料前核实地区、条款、时间与影响范围，区分已核实事实、当事方判断与待确认信息。
机制 · 政策建议与诉求反映机制 · 磋商文书 · 行业政策建议材料→ Industry Proposal / Advocacy Submission

Commissioned Project 委托项目

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
A separately agreed service with its own scope, fee, and deliverables, distinct from general services financed by dues and from externally funded projects.
另行约定范围、费用与交付的服务，与会费支持的普遍服务、资助项目相区分。
Plain English · 大白话
Extra work, separately priced.
In practice · 文件用法

“Commissioned services are provided under a separate agreement specifying scope, fee, and deliverables.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
三类资金来源分别说明费用与交付范围；收益分配属内部管理事项。
机制 · 会员服务机制 · 活动与项目机制 · 经费文书 · 活动与项目任务单→ Project Manager System→ Member Services

Project Manager System 项目负责人制

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
An arrangement under which each event or project has one responsible person who proposes objectives, staffing, schedule, and budget, tracks implementation and changes, and accounts for the project on closure.
每个活动或项目由一名负责人提出目标、人员、时间与预算，跟踪实施与变更，结项时按项目核算的安排。
Plain English · 大白话
One name on every project.
In practice · 文件用法

“Each project shall have a designated project manager responsible for its objectives, budget, implementation, and closing report.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
需以商会名义作出的承诺经授权后再对外确认；结项列出仍需跟进的会员需求。
机制 · 活动与项目文书 · 活动与项目任务单→ Commissioned Project

Resolution Follow-up 决议落实

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
Tracking of governance decisions after adoption: the decision, its basis of authority, the responsible person, the deadline, and progress, checked periodically by the secretariat and reported to the council.
治理决定通过后的跟踪：决定事项、权限依据、责任人、期限与进展，秘书处定期检查并向理事会报告。
Plain English · 大白话
A decision without an owner is a wish.
In practice · 文件用法

“Resolutions shall specify the person responsible and the completion requirements; the Secretariat reports progress to the Council.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
决议明确承办人与完成要求；不同会议的通过比例分别记录。
机制 · 通报与监督文书 · 决议落实记录→ Secretary-General Responsibility→ Council

Industry Self-regulation 行业自律

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
Voluntary discipline organized by an association: publicizing rules, training, risk alerts, and mediated coordination of disputes between members; credit ratings and published lists require a separate basis, verification procedure, and appeal channel.
由协会组织的自愿约束：规则宣介、培训、风险提示与会员间纠纷的协商协调；信用评价与名单发布须另有依据、核实程序与异议处理。
Plain English · 大白话
Members keeping each other honest, within limits.
In practice · 文件用法

“Self-regulation begins with rule dissemination, training, risk alerts, and mediation; any credit rating or listing requires a separate basis and an objection procedure.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
对纠纷双方材料分别核实，说明商会可以提供的协助。
机制 · 专家支持与行业协作→ Professional Committee / Sector Chapter

Seal & Signature Authority 用印与签署授权

某农业国际商会
Meaning · 定义
Rules fixing who may sign on the chamber's behalf, use its seal and name, and issue formal opinions; important contracts, reports, and meeting materials are kept centrally.
规定谁可以代表商会签署、使用公章与名称、发布正式意见的规则；重要合同、报告与会议材料集中保存。
Plain English · 大白话
No authority, no signature.
In practice · 文件用法

“Use of the Chamber's seal and name and the signing of documents on its behalf require authorization under the applicable rules.”

通用格式某农业国际商会商协会章程与会员服务办法常见表述（据《某农业国际商会制度汇编》改写）

Note · 用法提示
联络人身份与商会承诺分开；对外发布正式意见按授权。
机制 · 秘书处机制 · 通报与监督文书 · 决议落实记录→ Branch vs Liaison Point→ Resolution Follow-up
机制对照 →话语库（按功能与强度）→文书图谱 →