话语库

Stating a position

以机构或代表团名义陈述看法。强度由动词决定：considers 最正式，is of the view that 最留余地。

• considers that …较强
• maintains that …较强
• takes the view that …中等
• wishes to place on record …中等
• reaffirms its commitment to the cooperative identity中等
• is of the view that …较弱

Expressing support

对提案、报告或行动表示赞同。welcomes 用于既成事实，supports 用于待决事项，endorses 意味着承担。

• endorses …最强
• fully supports …较强
• commends …较强
• supports …中等
• welcomes …中等
• supports in principle …较弱
• From the Global Office I can give you the following support: …较弱

Emphasising importance

通过强调把议题抬到优先位置，不直接提出要求；这是立场表达中最安全的强化手段。

• stresses …中等
• underlines …中等
• emphasizes …中等
• attaches great importance to …中等

Expressing reservation

不反对但不承诺。保留用语让发言方既不阻拦进程，又为日后改变立场留下记录。

• is not in a position to support / accept …较强
• cannot accept … at this stage较强
• has reservations regarding …中等
• reserved its position on …中等
• I'm afraid, given our very limited economic reserves, I cannot …中等
• would require further clarification …较弱
• Given my responsibilities at [own organisation], I regret I am unable to accept the chair, but remain available to contribute as a member较弱

Requesting clarification

以提问代替评价。在通报审议和具体贸易关注中，「请求澄清」往往是实质异议的第一步。

• We were consulted on [A]; the discussion now includes [B] and [C]. These are separate questions and should be decided separately较强
• invited … to provide further information中等
• requested clarification on / regarding …较弱
• sought clarification …较弱
• asked how / whether …较弱
• wished to know …较弱
• If the arrears are settled now, will [member] retain its voting rights at this Assembly?较弱

Expressing concern

外交场合最常用的反对方式：不否定对方，只记录自己的不安。强度靠副词与重复（reiterated, deeply）递增。

• reiterated its concerns …较强
• (is) deeply / gravely concerned …较强
• expressed concern(s) regarding / about …中等
• noted with concern …中等
• questioned whether …中等

Objecting

直接拒绝或阻止。在协商一致体制下极少使用，一旦出现即意味着进程受阻或成员选择脱离共识。

• objects to …最强
• rejects …最强
• condemns …最强
• cannot join (the) consensus on …较强
• deplores …较强
• dissociates itself from the consensus中等
• regrets …较弱

Challenging consistency with rules

把政治分歧转成法律问题：不说「我不同意」，而说「这与义务不符」。这是 WTO 体系里最有分量的批评方式。

• (is) inconsistent with … obligations under …最强
• is not in conformity with …最强
• in violation of …最强
• questioned the consistency of … with …较强
• Any significant change to [an approved arrangement] should be brought to the Board较强

Signalling convergence

主席和秘书处记录共识形成过程的用语，刻意模糊具体谁同意了什么，为下一步「视为同意」铺路。

• there was widespread agreement that …较强
• broad support emerged for …中等
• Members generally agreed that …中等
• there was (a) convergence of views on …中等
• to release one quarter's funding now and hold the remainder pending [conditions]中等
• Before deciding whether to stand, I would value your views on the issues you see as most important for the Alliance较弱

Acknowledging & taking note

take note 是国际组织最重要的中性动词：既不赞成也不反对，只确认收到。它让会议在分歧中继续。

• acknowledges …中等
• recognizes / recognizing …中等
• takes note of …较弱
• The Committee took note of the statements made.较弱
• noted (that) …较弱
• [The audited accounts] are not yet available and will follow; the agenda item is marked accordingly较弱
• We confirm receipt of the decision to hold the meeting online and have cancelled our travel arrangements accordingly最弱

Keeping the matter open

既不结案也不否决，把议题留在议程上。remain seized of the matter 是安理会的标准收尾。

• Decides to remain seized of the matter.中等
• agreed to revert to this item at its next meeting较弱
• decides to continue its consideration of … at its … session较弱
• keep … under review较弱

Qualifying & leaving room

给义务加条件：as appropriate、where applicable。这些短语让每个成员都能按自己的理解执行，是协商一致的语言代价。

• the costs of all the activities … should be met through voluntary contributions, including from the private sector较强
• an international day or year should not be proclaimed before the basic arrangements for its organization and financing have been made中等
• This is a discussion paper, not a final text较弱
• as appropriate最弱
• where applicable / where appropriate最弱
• to the extent possible / practicable最弱
• as circumstances permit最弱
• on a voluntary basis最弱

Calibrating obligation strength

shall → should → endeavour to → are encouraged to：一句话的约束力全在这个动词上，谈判的很大一部分就是在阶梯上移动。

• shall最强
• should中等
• shall endeavour to …较弱
• shall make best efforts / use its best endeavours to …较弱
• are encouraged to …最弱
• Invites all Member States to consider taking action towards … , where appropriate, …最弱

Constructive ambiguity

故意写得可作多种解释以便各方都能接受。without prejudice to、in the light of national circumstances 是典型。

• without prejudice to …较弱
• Nothing in this … shall be construed as …较弱
• in the light of different national circumstances最弱
• taking into account …最弱
• in accordance with relevant / applicable international law最弱

Deciding

执行段的核心动词，只有具备决定权的机构才能用：安理会的 Decides、部长级会议的 Decides、大会的 Adopts。

• Decides …最强
• Adopts …最强
• Approves …较强
• Resolves …较强
• It was so agreed.较强
• I propose to delete the sentence relating to … and to ask the Global Office to redraft the text for [the Assembly papers]中等

Requesting, calling upon & urging

对他人（成员国、机构、秘书处）提出要求的动词阶梯：invites < requests < calls upon < urges < demands。

• Demands …最强
• Calls upon …较强
• Urges …较强
• Requests …中等
• calls on governments and international institutions to …中等
• urges member organisations to …中等
• I would be most grateful for your kind support and vote较弱
• to take advantage of the International Year as a way of promoting …较弱
• Invites …最弱

Mandating the Secretariat

决议把工作交给秘书处的方式，也是秘书处获得授权的唯一来源：requests the Secretary-General to report…

• mandates / authorizes …最强
• requests the Secretariat to …中等
• requests the Secretary-General to report … at its … session中等
• within existing resources较弱

Preambular framing

决议序言段以现在分词开头，为执行段提供法律与政治依据；顺序有讲究：先 recalling 既有决议，再 recognizing 现状，最后 noting 新情况。

• Reaffirming …中等
• Recalling …较弱
• Expressing its appreciation to …较弱
• … hosted in [venue] from [dates] to coincide with the [organisation] Global Conference and General Assembly较弱
• Noting …最弱
• Mindful of …最弱
• Bearing in mind …最弱

Procedural moves

会议进行中的程序用语：程序问题、休会、表决、其他事项。掌握它们才能参与而不只是旁听。

• Amendments to motions must be submitted in writing to [officer] no later than [n] days before …最强
• on a point of order较强
• moves / proposes the adjournment of the debate较强
• Upon the consent of [title], we agree with …较强
• Please indicate Accept / Reject / Abstain by [date]较强
• If no response is received by [date], we will take it that you agree较强
• Members in the same country form a constituency and appoint up to [n] voters to exercise [n] votes较强
• proposed by [Board member] and seconded by [Board member]; eligibility to be reviewed by the Election Committee较强
• the candidate receiving the fewest votes is eliminated in each round until one candidate obtains a majority较强
• (the draft resolution) was put to the vote / a recorded vote was requested中等
• I take it that the Committee / Council agrees …中等
• Please check your spam folder; you must first accept the group invitation to access the voting page中等
• The rules have been revised in light of your feedback; the updated version is available at the same link中等
• under Other Business / any other business较弱
• the Chair suspended the meeting to allow for informal consultations较弱

Reporting speech in minutes

纪要把直接发言改写为第三人称过去时间接引语，并用 several / a number of / one Member 计数式表述意见分布，隐去具体国名。

• reiterated that …中等
• The Chair suggested that …中等
• The representative of X said that …较弱
• stated that …较弱
• recalled that …较弱
• Several / a number of / some / one Member(s) …较弱