义务强度阶梯

条约中表示强制义务的动词，违反可诉。谈判中 shall 是最难争取、最难放弃的一个词。

No Member shall grant or maintain any subsidy to a vessel or operator engaged in illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing

Developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets.

Members shall endeavour to establish or maintain a single window

Members shall make best efforts to notify the Committee in advance

Developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts, and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances.

Invites all Member States to consider taking action towards establishing national mechanisms, where appropriate, such as national committees, to prepare for, observe and follow up on the International Year of Cooperatives,