Pugel 17e · International Trade
Chapter 8 · Analysis of a Tariff
This chapter starts the analysis of government policies that limit imports, by examining the tariff—a government tax on imports. Early in the chapter, the first in a series of boxes on Global Governance introduces the World Trade Organization (WTO), created in 1995, which subsumed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), formed in 1947. The major principles of the WTO include trade liberalization, nondiscrimination, and no unfair encouragement of exports.
教材导入与手册摘录
This chapter starts the analysis of government policies that limit imports, by examining the tariff—a government tax on imports.
Early in the chapter, the first in a series of boxes on Global Governance introduces the World Trade Organization (WTO), created in 1995, which subsumed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), formed in 1947. The major principles of the WTO include trade liberalization, nondiscrimination, and no unfair encouragement of exports. Eight completed rounds of multilateral trade negotiations have been successful in lowering tariffs imposed on most nonagricultural imports into industrialized countries. The box also notes the different path that developing countries have taken to their tariff reductions.
In addition to beginning the examination of the role and activities of the WTO, the chapter has two major purposes. First, the analysis shows the effects of a tariff when the importing country is small, so that its import policies have no effect on world prices. Second, the analysis of a large importing country—one whose policies can affect world prices—shows that a large country can use a tariff to lower the price that it pays foreigners for its imports. Furthermore, the box “They Tax Exports, Too” shows that analysis of an export duty parallels that of an import tariff.
We begin by examining the effects of an import tariff imposed by a small country (contrasted with free trade), using supply and demand within the importing country. Since foreign exporters do not change the price that they charge for the product, the domestic price of the imported product rises by the amount of the tariff. Domestic producers competing with these imports can also raise their domestic prices as the domestic price of imports rises. Domestic producers gain when the government imposes a tariff on competing imports. They get a higher price for their products, they produce and sell a larger quantity (a movement along the domestic supply curve), and they receive more producer surplus. (The effects of the entire tariff system on domestic producers can be more complicated than this, because other tariffs can raise the costs of materials and components. The box on “The Effective Rate of Protection” discusses this more complete analysis, focusing on the effects of the tariff system on value added per unit of domestic production.)
核心知识点
A Preview of Conclusions
This chapter starts the analysis of government policies that limit imports, by examining the tariff—a government tax on imports.
- Analysis of a Tariff
The Effect of a Tariff on Domestic Consumers
Domestic consumers of the product are also affected by the imposition of the tariff. They must pay a higher price (for both imported and domestically produced products), they reduce the quantity that they buy and consume (a movement along the domestic demand curve), and they suffer a loss of consumer surplus.
The Effects of a Tariff on Domestic Producers
We begin by examining the effects of an import tariff imposed by a small country (contrasted with free trade), using supply and demand within the importing country. Since foreign exporters do not change the price that they charge for the product, the domestic price of the imported product rises by the amount of the tariff.
- The U.S. Market for Bicycles with Free Trade:
- Domestic producer surplus is area
The Net National Loss from a Tariff
We thus have two domestic winners (domestic producers and the national government) and one domestic loser (domestic consumers) because of the imposition of a tariff. We can evaluate the net effect on the whole country, if we have some way of comparing winners and losers. As we did beginning in Chapter 2, we can, for instance, use the one-dollar, one-vote metric.
- One-dollar, one-vote metric
- : Every dollar of gain or loss is just as important as every other dollar of gain or loss, regardless of who the gainers or losers are.
- Consumption effect
The Tariff as Government Revenue
The government also collects tariff revenue, equal to the tariff rate per unit imported times the quantity that is imported with the tariff in place (less than the free-trade import quantity).
- As long as the tariff is not so high as to prohibit all imports, it also brings revenue to the country’s government
- Revenue equals the unit amount of the tariff times the volume of imports with the tariff (Area c in the diagram)
- This revenue could be used to pay for extra government spending, matched by an equal cut in some other tax, or serve as extra income.
The Terms-of-Trade Effect and a Nationally Optimal Tariff
The net effect on the importing country depends on which of these two is larger. For a suitably small tariff, the rectangle is larger, so the importing country has a net gain from imposing a tariff. A prohibitive tariff would cause a net national loss, because the rectangle would disappear. It is possible to determine the country’s nationally optimal tariff—the tariff rate that makes the net gain to the importing country as large as possible.
- A tariff almost always lowers world well-being.
- A tariff usually lowers the well-being of each nation, including the nation imposing the tariff.
- The exception is the
The Effect of a Tariff on Domestic Producers
We begin by examining the effects of an import tariff imposed by a small country (contrasted with free trade), using supply and demand within the importing country. Since foreign exporters do not change the price that they charge for the product, the domestic price of the imported product rises by the amount of the tariff.
- The U.S. Market for Bicycles with Free Trade:
- Domestic producer surplus is area
案例与应用
Early in the chapter, the first in a series of boxes ...
Early in the chapter, the first in a series of boxes on Global Governance introduces the World Trade Organization (WTO), created in 1995, which subsumed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), formed in 1947. The major principles of the WTO include trade liberalization, nondiscrimination, and no unfair encouragement of exports.
查看教材摘录
Early in the chapter, the first in a series of boxes on Global Governance introduces the World Trade Organization (WTO), created in 1995, which subsumed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), formed in 1947. The major principles of the WTO include trade liberalization, nondiscrimination, and no unfair encouragement of exports. Eight completed rounds of multilateral trade negotiations have been successful in lowering tariffs imposed on most nonagricultural imports into industrialized countries. The box also notes the different path that developing countries have taken to their tariff reductions.
In addition to beginning the examination of the role and activities ...
In addition to beginning the examination of the role and activities of the WTO, the chapter has two major purposes. First, the analysis shows the effects of a tariff when the importing country is small, so that its import policies have no effect on world prices. Second, the analysis of a large importing country—one whose policies can affect world prices—shows that a large country can use a tariff to lower the price that it pays foreigners for its imports.
查看教材摘录
In addition to beginning the examination of the role and activities of the WTO, the chapter has two major purposes. First, the analysis shows the effects of a tariff when the importing country is small, so that its import policies have no effect on world prices. Second, the analysis of a large importing country—one whose policies can affect world prices—shows that a large country can use a tariff to lower the price that it pays foreigners for its imports. Furthermore, the box “They Tax Exports, Too” shows that analysis of an export duty parallels that of an import tariff.
We present the analysis of a tariff in this chapter for ...
We present the analysis of a tariff in this chapter for both the small country and the large country, and we present the analysis of an import quota and a voluntary export restraint (VER) in the next chapter. In your class presentation you might consider a different way of organizing this material, in which you present the small country analysis of the tariff, the quota, and the VER as a package, and then turn to looking at the large country analysis of the tariff and the quota.
查看教材摘录
We present the analysis of a tariff in this chapter for both the small country and the large country, and we present the analysis of an import quota and a voluntary export restraint (VER) in the next chapter. In your class presentation you might consider a different way of organizing this material, in which you present the small country analysis of the tariff, the quota, and the VER as a package, and then turn to looking at the large country analysis of the tariff and the quota. This alternative approach is designed to emphasize the fundamental similarities of the analyses of these different government policies, as well as the specific ways in which they are different. Students generally find it easier to grasp the small country analyses, so it can be useful to do all three policies for this easier case before turning to the large country analyses.
They Tax Exports, Too: There are a number of possible reasons ...
They Tax Exports, Too: There are a number of possible reasons that a country would limit the export of a product like cotton. First, if the government uses a tax, it would gain revenue. Second, the limit on exports would tend to force additional sales of the product in the local market, so the domestic price would fall below the world price, and domestic consumers would benefit.
查看教材摘录
They Tax Exports, Too: There are a number of possible reasons that a country would limit the export of a product like cotton. First, if the government uses a tax, it would gain revenue. Second, the limit on exports would tend to force additional sales of the product in the local market, so the domestic price would fall below the world price, and domestic consumers would benefit. Third, if the country is a large exporter of the product, then the world price will rise when the country exports less, and the country can gain from an increase in its terms of trade. An export ban is an extreme limitation, and two of the three possibilities do not apply. There is no government revenue. Even if the world price of the export product increases, there are no exports on which to receive the gain from the higher price paid by foreigners. The most likely reason for the Indian prohibition of cotton exp
课件纲要
- A Preview of Conclusions
- The Effect of a Tariff on Domestic Producers
- The Effect of a Tariff on Domestic Consumers
- The Tariff as Government Revenue
- The Net National Loss From a Tariff
- Small Importing Country: Net National Loss from a Tariff
- The Effective Rate of Protection
- Illustrative Calculation of ERP
- Export Tax, Small Country
- Large Country and the Terms of Trade
- The Terms-of-Trade Effect of a Tariff Imposed by a Large Country
- A Large Country Imposes a Small Tariff
习题精选
题目 1
A(n) ________ is a tax on imports that is stipulated as a money amount per unit.
- A specific tariff
- B ad valorem tariff
- C effective tariff
- D optimal tariff
答案：A · specific tariff
题目 2
Which of the following is an impact of tariffs on the country imposing them?
- A The domestic producers of import-competing products are forced to charge a lower price for their products to retain market share.
- B The supply of the domestic import-competing products declines.
- C The domestic consumers pay a higher price for the imported products.
- D The demand for the imported goods by the domestic consumers increases.
答案：C · The domestic consumers pay a higher price for the imported products.
题目 3
Which of the following correctly identifies the impact of tariffs on the producers of import-competing products in the imposing country?
- A They can price their products higher than the imported goods.
- B They can expand their production and sales.
- C They are forced to go out of business in the long run.
- D They are forced to charge a price equal to the average cost of production.
答案：B · They can expand their production and sales.
题目 4
If a small country imposes a tariff on imported motorcycles, the world price of motorcycles will ________ and the domestic price of motorcycles will
- A rise; fall.
- B fall; rise.
- C remain constant; rise.
- D remain constant; fall.
答案：C · remain constant; rise.
题目 5
If a small country imposes a tariff on imported motorcycles
- A the surplus of the domestic producers of motorcycles will decline, but the surplus of the domestic consumers will increase.
- B the surplus of both the domestic producers and consumers of motorcycles will decline.
- C the surplus of both the domestic producers and consumers of motorcycles will increase.
- D the surplus of the domestic producers of motorcycles will increase, but the surplus of the domestic consumers will decline.
答案：D · the surplus of the domestic producers of motorcycles will increase, but the surplus of the domestic consumers will decline.
题目 6
Which of the following is the basis for the consumption effect of a tariff imposed on imported automobiles?
- A The decline in the purchase of the product due to the increase in its price
- B The net increase in the availability of the domestic automobiles for the consumers owing to higher prices
- C The net increase in the government revenue by taxing the domestic consumers who buy the imported automobiles
- D The net increase in the consumption of imported automobiles by the domestic consumers
答案：A · The decline in the purchase of the product due to the increase in its price
题目 7
Which of the following refers to the extra cost of shifting to more expensive home production following the imposition of a tariff?
- A Production effect
- B Revenue effect
- C Deadweight loss
- D Producer surplus
答案：A · Production effect
题目 8
The figure below shows the market for shoes in a small importing country. Dd and Sd are the domestic demand and supply curves of shoes, respectively. Following the imposition of a tariff, the domestic producer surplus ________ by the area
- A increases; a.
- B decreases; a.
- C increases; (a + b).
- D increases; (S1 - S0).
答案：A · increases; a.
题目 9
The figure below shows the market for shoes in a small importing country. Dd and Sd are the domestic demand and supply curves of shoes, respectively. Following the imposition of a tariff, the domestic consumer surplus ________ by the area
- A increases; (D0 - D1).
- B decreases; d.
- C decreases; (a + b + c +d).
- D increases; (b + d).
答案：C · decreases; (a + b + c +d).
题目 10
The figure below shows the market for shoes in a small importing country. Dd and Sd are the domestic demand and supply curves of shoes, respectively. The tariff revenue of the country's government is shown by area
- A (a + b + c + d).
- B (a + b).
- C c.
- D (b + c + d).
答案：C · c.
题目 11
The figure below shows the market for shoes in a small importing country. Dd and Sd are the domestic demand and supply curves of shoes, respectively. The imposition of a tariff on shoes caused economic well-being in the country to ________ by an amount measured by the area
- A fall; c.
- B fall; (b + d).
- C rise; (b + c+ d).
- D rise; (a + c).
答案：B · fall; (b + d).
题目 12
The figure below shows the market for shoes in a small importing country. Dd and Sd are the domestic demand and supply curves of shoes, respectively. The production effect of the tariff on shoes is measured by the area
- A a.
- B b.
- C c.
- D (a + b).
答案：B · b.
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# 第8章 Analysis of a Tariff ## 章节概览 This chapter starts the analysis of government policies that limit imports, by examining the tariff—a government tax on imports. Early in the chapter, the first in a series of boxes on Global Governance introduces the World Trade Organization (WTO), created in 1995, which subsumed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), formed in 1947. The major principles of the WTO include trade liberalization, nondiscrimination, and no unfair encouragement of exports. ## 知识点 ### 1. A Preview of Conclusions - 教学说明：This chapter starts the analysis of government policies that limit imports, by examining the tariff—a government tax on imports. - 支撑要点：Analysis of a Tariff - 来源类型：manual ### 2. The Effect of a Tariff on Domestic Consumers - 教学说明：Domestic consumers of the product are also affected by the imposition of the tariff. They must pay a higher price (for both imported and domestically produced products), they reduce the quantity that they buy and consume (a movement along the domestic demand curve), and they suffer a loss of consumer surplus. - 来源类型：manual ### 3. The Effects of a Tariff on Domestic Producers - 教学说明：We begin by examining the effects of an import tariff imposed by a small country (contrasted with free trade), using supply and demand within the importing country. Since foreign exporters do not change the price that they charge for the product, the domestic price of the imported product rises by the amount of the tariff. - 支撑要点：The U.S. Market for Bicycles with Free Trade: - 支撑要点：Domestic producer surplus is area - 来源类型：manual ### 4. The Net National Loss from a Tariff - 教学说明：We thus have two domestic winners (domestic producers and the national government) and one domestic loser (domestic consumers) because of the imposition of a tariff. We can evaluate the net effect on the whole country, if we have some way of comparing winners and losers. As we did beginning in Chapter 2, we can, for instance, use the one-dollar, one-vote metric. - 支撑要点：One-dollar, one-vote metric - 支撑要点：: Every dollar of gain or loss is just as important as every other dollar of gain or loss, regardless of who the gainers or losers are. - 支撑要点：Consumption effect - 来源类型：manual ### 5. The Tariff as Government Revenue - 教学说明：The government also collects tariff revenue, equal to the tariff rate per unit imported times the quantity that is imported with the tariff in place (less than the free-trade import quantity). - 支撑要点：As long as the tariff is not so high as to prohibit all imports, it also brings revenue to the country’s government - 支撑要点：Revenue equals the unit amount of the tariff times the volume of imports with the tariff (Area c in the diagram) - 支撑要点：This revenue could be used to pay for extra government spending, matched by an equal cut in some other tax, or serve as extra income. - 来源类型：manual ### 6. The Terms-of-Trade Effect and a Nationally Optimal Tariff - 教学说明：The net effect on the importing country depends on which of these two is larger. For a suitably small tariff, the rectangle is larger, so the importing country has a net gain from imposing a tariff. A prohibitive tariff would cause a net national loss, because the rectangle would disappear. It is possible to determine the country’s nationally optimal tariff—the tariff rate that makes the net gain to the importing country as large as possible. - 支撑要点：A tariff almost always lowers world well-being. - 支撑要点：A tariff usually lowers the well-being of each nation, including the nation imposing the tariff. - 支撑要点：The exception is the - 来源类型：manual ### 7. The Effect of a Tariff on Domestic Producers - 教学说明：We begin by examining the effects of an import tariff imposed by a small country (contrasted with free trade), using supply and demand within the importing country. Since foreign exporters do not change the price that they charge for the product, the domestic price of the imported product rises by the amount of the tariff. - 支撑要点：The U.S. Market for Bicycles with Free Trade: - 支撑要点：Domestic producer surplus is area - 来源类型：manual ## 案例 ### 案例 1: Early in the chapter, the first in a series of boxes ... Early in the chapter, the first in a series of boxes on Global Governance introduces the World Trade Organization (WTO), created in 1995, which subsumed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), formed in 1947. The major principles of the WTO include trade liberalization, nondiscrimination, and no unfair encouragement of exports. ### 案例 2: In addition to beginning the examination of the role and activities ... In addition to beginning the examination of the role and activities of the WTO, the chapter has two major purposes. First, the analysis shows the effects of a tariff when the importing country is small, so that its import policies have no effect on world prices. Second, the analysis of a large importing country—one whose policies can affect world prices—shows that a large country can use a tariff to lower the price that it pays foreigners for its imports. ### 案例 3: We present the analysis of a tariff in this chapter for ... We present the analysis of a tariff in this chapter for both the small country and the large country, and we present the analysis of an import quota and a voluntary export restraint (VER) in the next chapter. In your class presentation you might consider a different way of organizing this material, in which you present the small country analysis of the tariff, the quota, and the VER as a package, and then turn to looking at the large country analysis of the tariff and the quota. ### 案例 4: They Tax Exports, Too: There are a number of possible reasons ... They Tax Exports, Too: There are a number of possible reasons that a country would limit the export of a product like cotton. First, if the government uses a tax, it would gain revenue. Second, the limit on exports would tend to force additional sales of the product in the local market, so the domestic price would fall below the world price, and domestic consumers would benefit. ## 习题 ### 题目 1 A(n) ________ is a tax on imports that is stipulated as a money amount per unit. - A) specific tariff - B) ad valorem tariff - C) effective tariff - D) optimal tariff ### 题目 2 Which of the following is an impact of tariffs on the country imposing them? - A) The domestic producers of import-competing products are forced to charge a lower price for their products to retain market share. - B) The supply of the domestic import-competing products declines. - C) The domestic consumers pay a higher price for the imported products. - D) The demand for the imported goods by the domestic consumers increases. ### 题目 3 Which of the following correctly identifies the impact of tariffs on the producers of import-competing products in the imposing country? - A) They can price their products higher than the imported goods. - B) They can expand their production and sales. - C) They are forced to go out of business in the long run. - D) They are forced to charge a price equal to the average cost of production. ### 题目 4 If a small country imposes a tariff on imported motorcycles, the world price of motorcycles will ________ and the domestic price of motorcycles will - A) rise; fall. - B) fall; rise. - C) remain constant; rise. - D) remain constant; fall. ### 题目 5 If a small country imposes a tariff on imported motorcycles - A) the surplus of the domestic producers of motorcycles will decline, but the surplus of the domestic consumers will increase. - B) the surplus of both the domestic producers and consumers of motorcycles will decline. - C) the surplus of both the domestic producers and consumers of motorcycles will increase. - D) the surplus of the domestic producers of motorcycles will increase, but the surplus of the domestic consumers will decline. ### 题目 6 Which of the following is the basis for the consumption effect of a tariff imposed on imported automobiles? - A) The decline in the purchase of the product due to the increase in its price - B) The net increase in the availability of the domestic automobiles for the consumers owing to higher prices - C) The net increase in the government revenue by taxing the domestic consumers who buy the imported automobiles - D) The net increase in the consumption of imported automobiles by the domestic consumers ### 题目 7 Which of the following refers to the extra cost of shifting to more expensive home production following the imposition of a tariff? - A) Production effect - B) Revenue effect - C) Deadweight loss - D) Producer surplus ### 题目 8 The figure below shows the market for shoes in a small importing country. Dd and Sd are the domestic demand and supply curves of shoes, respectively. Following the imposition of a tariff, the domestic producer surplus ________ by the area - A) increases; a. - B) decreases; a. - C) increases; (a + b). - D) increases; (S1 - S0). ## 参考答案 - 题目 1: 答案：A | 选项内容：specific tariff | Topic：A Preview of Conclusions | Difficulty：1 Easy - 题目 2: 答案：C | 选项内容：The domestic consumers pay a higher price for the imported products. | Topic：The Effect of a Tariff on Domestic Consumers | Difficulty：1 Easy - 题目 3: 答案：B | 选项内容：They can expand their production and sales. | Topic：The Effects of a Tariff on Domestic Producers | Difficulty：1 Easy - 题目 4: 答案：C | 选项内容：remain constant; rise. | Topic：The Effects of a Tariff on Domestic Producers | Difficulty：1 Easy - 题目 5: 答案：D | 选项内容：the surplus of the domestic producers of motorcycles will increase, but the surplus of the domestic consumers will decline. | Topic：The Effects of a Tariff on Domestic Producers | Difficulty：1 Easy - 题目 6: 答案：A | 选项内容：The decline in the purchase of the product due to the increase in its price | Topic：The Net National Loss from a Tariff | Difficulty：2 Medium - 题目 7: 答案：A | 选项内容：Production effect | Topic：The Net National Loss from a Tariff | Difficulty：1 Easy - 题目 8: 答案：A | 选项内容：increases; a. | Topic：The Effects of a Tariff on Domestic Producers | Difficulty：2 Medium ## AI / NextLab 使用建议 - Tariff Welfare Lab：将《Analysis of a Tariff》对应的理论或政策机制放到贸易分析实验室中做交互式验证。 https://digitconnection.ai/nextlab/